<p>Tepe Sialk  is a large ancient archeological site  in a suburb of the city of Kashan, Isfahan Province, in central Iran, close to Fin Garden. The culture that inhabited this area has been linked to the Zayandeh River Culture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Sialk ziggurat was built around the 3000 BC. A joint study between Iran&#39;s Cultural Heritage Organization, the Louvre, and the Institut Francais de Recherche en Iran also verifies the oldest settlements in Sialk to date back to 5500–6000 BC.</p><br>
<p>Sialk, and the entire area around it, is thought to have originated as a result of the pristine large water sources nearby that still run today. The Cheshmeh ye Soleiman ("Solomons Spring") has been bringing water to this area from nearby mountains for thousands of years. The Fin garden, built in its present form in the 17th century, is a popular tourist attraction. It is here that the kings of the Safavid dynasty would spend their vacations away from their capital cities. It is also here that Piruz Nahavandi (Abu-Lulu&#39;ah), the Persian assassin of Caliph Umar, is buried. All these remains are located in the same location where Sialk is.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Tepe Sialk was excavated for three seasons (1933, 1934, and 1937) by a team headed by Roman Ghirshman and his wife Tania Ghirshman.</p><br>
<p>Studies related to the site were conducted by D.E. McCown, Y. Majidzadeh, and P. Amieh.</p><br>
<p>Excavation was resumed for several seasons between 1999</p><br>
<p>and 2004 by a team from the University of Pennsylvania and Iran&#39;s Cultural Heritage Organization led by Sadegh Malek Shahmirzadi called the Sialk Reconsideration Project.</p><br>
<p>Artifacts from the original dig ended up mostly at the Louvre, while some can be found at the British Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and the National Museum of Iran and in the hands of private collectors.</p><br>
<p>These artifacts consisted of some very fine painted potteries.</p><br>
<h2>Northern mound</h2><br>
<p>The northern mound (tell) is the oldest; the occupation dates back to the end of the seventh millennium BC. The mound is composed of two levels: Sialk I (the oldest), and Sialk II.</p><br>
<p>Sialk I level architecture is pretty rudimentary. Tombs containing pottery have been uncovered. The ceramic is initially rather rough, then becomes of better quality with the time.</p><br>
<p>Zagheh archaic painted ware (ca. 6000-5500 BC) is found in Tepe Sialk I, sub-levels 1-­2. This is the early painted ware, that was first excavated at Tepe Zagheh in the Qazvin plain.</p><br>
<p>In sub-periods 3, 4 and 5, the pottery has a clear surface with painted decoration. Stone or bone tools are still used.</p><br>
<p>The Sialk II level sees the first appearance of metallurgy. The archaeological material found in the buildings of this period testifies to increasing links with the outside world.</p><br>
<h2>Southern mound</h2><br>
<p>The south tell includes the Sialk III and IV levels. The first, divided into seven sub-periods, corresponds to the fifth millennium and the beginning of the fourth (c. 4000 BC). This period is in continuity with the previous one, and sees the complexity of architecture (molded bricks, use of stone) and crafts, especially metallurgical.</p><br>
<h3>Metallurgy</h3><br>
<p>Evidence demonstrates that Tepe Sialk was an important metal production center in central Iran during the Sialk III and Sialk IV periods. A significant amount of metallurgical remains were found during the excavations in the 1990s and later. This includes large amounts of slag pieces, litharge cakes, and crucibles and moulds.</p><br>
<p>Sialk IV level begins in the second half of the fourth millennium, and ends with the abandonment of the site at the beginning of the third millennium. For the oldest sub-periods of the Sialk IV, there are links with the Mesopotamian civilizations of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr.</p><br>
<p>Later on, the material is similar to that of Susa III (Proto-Elamite level), so this is where the Proto-Elamite horizon at Sialk is located, as is also evidenced by the discovery here of some Proto-Elamite clay tablets.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of what would be the oldest Ziggurat in the world are found at this same Sialk IV level.</p><br>
<h2>Second millennium BC</h2><br>
<p>After an abandonment of more than a millennium, the Sialk site is reoccupied in the second half of the second millennium. This last phase of occupation of the site is divided into two periods: Sialk V and Sialk VI. The archaeological material of these two levels has been mostly found in the two necropolises, called necropolis A and necropolis B.</p><br>
<p>The first represents the Sialk V level. Here are found weapons and other objects in bronze, as well as jewelry, and some iron items. The ceramic is gray-black, or red, sometimes with some decorations that consist of geometric patterns, and can be compared to items coming from the sites in Gorgan valley (the later levels of Tureng Tepe, and Tepe Hissar).</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Tepe Sialk, Kashan, Irán, 2016-09-19, DD 23.jpgTomb.</p><br>
<p>Mount Colden is the eleventh-highest peak in the High Peaks of the Adirondack Mountains, New York, United States.</p><br>
<p>The peak was named after David S. Colden, an investor in the McIntyre Iron Works, in 1836. The peak was briefly renamed "Mount McMartin" the next year, but the older name persisted. The mountain is known for its distinctive Trap Dike, a large crevice running up the center of the mountain, which can clearly be seen from Avalanche Lake.</p><br>
<p>There are two maintained trails up Mount Colden. The first, which approaches from the northeast, passes by Lake Arnold before ascending the summit after crossing over several false summits. This trail was laid out in 1966 to replace a steeper trail which ascended the southeast face of the mountain and which was abandoned by 1975. The second trail, which is steeper, approaches from the southwest, starting from Lake Colden. Both approaches can be reached from the popular Adirondak Loj trailhead. After hiking from the Loj to the Avalanche Lean-Tos, climbers can head southwest through Avalanche Pass and past Avalanche Lake to reach Lake Colden and the trail to Colden from the southwest. Alternatively, they can head southeast to reach Lake Arnold and the northeast approach. Lake Colden and the southwest approach can also be reached from the Upper Works trailhead. Finally, the summit of Mount Colden can be reached by climbing the Trap Dike from Avalanche Lake. This approach leads to a long slide and a short bushwhack to the summit. This last approach does not follow a maintained trail, is extremely steep in places, and should be used with caution.</p><br>
<p>The Vršič Pass , with an elevation of 1,611 m, is a high mountain pass across the Julian Alps in northwestern Slovenia. It is the highest pass in Slovenia, as well as the highest in the Eastern Julian Alps. It connects Upper Carniola with the Trenta Valley in the Slovene Littoral. The road across the pass, now known as Russian Road , was originally built for military purposes in the early 19th century and followed an earlier trade route. The Vršič Pass is considered an excellent starting point for excursions to surrounding peaks.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The Slovene common noun vršič literally means little peak, a diminutive form of the word vrh peak. The name originally referred to Mount Vršič (1,738 m), located about 200 m east of the Vršič Pass. The name Vršič was not applied to the pass until 1911. The name of the peak was first attested in written sources as Werschez in 1763–87. Locally, the pass is known as Na močilu (first attested in 1763–87 as Muschizach or Mushizhach). The Italian name of the pass was Moistrocca.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After World War I, from 1918 to World War II, the Vršič Pass was on the border between Italy and Yugoslavia. Since 1945, together with the Upper Isonzo Valley north of Gorizia, it was incorporated in Yugoslavia, and then in Slovenia.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>The Vršič Pass is considered an excellent starting point for excursions to surrounding peaks, including Mala Mojstrovka (2,332 m), Velika Mojstrovka (2,366 m), Planja (2,453 m), Prisojnik (Prisank) (2,547 m), Razor (2,601 m), Šitna Glava (2,087 m), Slemenova Špica (1,911 m), Sovna Glava (1,750 m), and Suhi Vrh (2,109 m), or shorter hikes in the immediate area.</p><br>
<p>Several mountain lodges are located near the pass: the Erjavec Lodge (Erjavčeva koča; 1,515 m), the Tičar Lodge (Tičarjev dom; 1,620 m), Mikes Lodge (Mihov dom), the Forest Lodge (Koča na Gozdu; 1,226 m), and the Postmans Lodge (Poštarska koča; 1,725 m).</p><br>
<h2>Road</h2><br>
<p>The road through the pass rises from Kranjska Gora in a series of 50 hairpin bends, traverses the top of the Vršič Pass, and descends into the Soča Valley. The upper elevations of the road are rendered impassable by heavy snowfall during much of winter. The road was greatly improved in late 1915 to supply the Isonzo front of World War I, and it was originally named after Archduke Eugen of Austria-Hungary. The current name, Russian Road (Ruska cesta), refers to the approximately ten thousand Russian prisoners of war used as laborers in the 1915 construction.</p><br>
<h2>Monuments</h2><br>
<p>Just off the main road, on the north side of the pass, at an elevation of around 1,200 m, there is a Russian Orthodox chapel, built by the Russian POWs to commemorate their comrades who died during the road construction.</p><br>
<p>On the south side of the pass there is a bronze monument in honor of the mountaineer and writer Julius Kugy, work by the architect Boris Kobe and the sculptor Jakob Savinšek. It was erected in 1953.</p><br>
<p>Lake Mokoan was an artificial lake in Victoria, Australia. It was created in 1971 when water from Broken River and Hollands Creek was diverted into Winton Swamp roughly 7 km from Benalla. The lake was characterized by dozens of dead trees emerging from its depths. Although a popular tourist destination, the Victorian government decided to decommission the lake and restore the area to its original wetland state.</p><br>
<p>The lake was formed in the late 1960s on the site of the former Winton and Green Swamps, being completed in 1971. The lake regularly suffered from serious toxic algal blooms since its creation. The large but shallow lake has a very high surface to volume ratio, resulting in very extensive water loss through evaporation.</p><br>
<p>Plans for decommissioning started in 2004, with work started in 2009. Decommissioning the lake was expected to allow for the return of 44,000 megalitres of water per year to the Broken, Goulburn, Snowy and Murray Rivers, with environmental and economic benefits to both upstream and downstream areas. 25 gigalitres of the lake will be released into the Murray River system and another 20 gigalitres into the Snowy River.</p><br>
<p>The Winton Wetlands Reserve has been formed to protect the Lake Mokoan area. A Restaurant and Cafe, information signs and artworks related to the landscape have been installed. Camping is available and fishing is permitted. Day walks and cycle trails are being developed. Environmental restoration is progressing and plants and animals are returning to the site.</p><br>
<p>Agiasos  is a small town and a former municipality on the island of Lesbos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it became a municipality unit that is part of Lesbos. The municipal unit has an area of 79.924 km. It is located at the slopes of mount Olympos, at a height of 475 m, 26 km from Mytilene. It is known for its special bright green landscape, its narrow cobbled streets lined by ranks of tiled-roof houses, the traditional architecture and its restless and religious inhabitants. Agiasos, the artistic and religious centre of the island, is a preserved settlement that has many to offer to visitors. The reading society of Anaptixi, a famous cultural institution, was established in 1894, when the village was still under Turkish rule. Today it has a great library, a theatre hall, a folklore museum and an active organization which tries to continue the traditions that were passed by the old inhabitants.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the village (population 2,498 in 2001 census) is identified with the history of Panayia of Ayasos (the Greek word for Virgin Mary of Agiasos).</p><br>
<p>About 1,200 years ago, during the Byzantine Era, toward the end of the 8th century, it was a time of the wars of iconclasm. In Constantinople, Aghathon the Ephesian, priest of the Chapel of the Palaces, who was an iconophile, fell into the disfavour of Emperor Leo I and was self-exiled to Jerusalem. In early 802, Aghathon heard that Empress Irene of Athens, who was also an iconophile, lived in exile on Lesvos island. Wishing to meet her and be nearer to Constantinople, he sets off for Lesvos, taking with him an icon of "Panayia I Vrefokratousa" (Madonna and the Holy Infant), a Silver Cross with wood from the True cross, a manuscript Gospel, and other relics.</p><br>
<p>He arrived on the island. Meanwhile, Irene of Athens had died. Aghathon followed the current of a stream and reached a remote wooded area which was a safe environment in which to stay. This site in Carya, where the chapel of Zoodochos Pigi (the life-giving source) with the Holy Water stands today, is where Aghathon hid the Holy Relics and built his hermitage.</p><br>
<p>He became familiar with the local inhabitants of the nearby villages of Karyni and Penthili, and gained their trust and respect. He revealed his secret and vows that the icon of Panayia (Our Lady) – measuring 0.86 xx – was painted on wax and mastic by Luke the Evangelist. The icon bore the inscription "Mitir Theou, Agia Sion", that is, "Mother of God, Holy Sion". In those times, Jerusalem was called "Agia Sion". With the passage of time, the small, humble hermitage evolved into a monastery, where devout men from the neighboring villages came to live.</p><br>
<p>The elderly Aghathon died on February 2, in the year 830. The monks, respecting his last wish, continued to keep the icon of Our Lady and the other relics in the monastery crypt. The monks feared the iconoclasts and pirates who ravaged the islands and coastal towns of Asia Minor. In 842, Orthodoxy triumphed and holy icons were raised all over the territory of the Byzantine Empire. From then on the hermitage of Agathon became a pilgrimage site. The icon of Panayia by Luke the Evangelist became renowned, not merely on the island, but all over facing Aeolis. Two pilgrimages to Agia Sion were equivalent to one pilgrimage to the Holy Land.</p><br>
<p>The Church of Panayia (Our Lady)</p><br>
<p>The first church of Panayia</p><br>
<p>In 1170, Constantinos Valerios granted the monks of Karya permission to erect the Church of Panayia on the elevation where the holy relics of Aghathon lay. The church survived 636 years. A small settlement named Agia Sion (Agiasos) developed around the church. This settlement gradually grew, becoming an important provincial town. When the island was subjugated by the Ottoman Turks, many Christian families sought refuge inside the protective walls of the Church of Panayia.</p><br>
<p>In 1701 a Sultan&#39;s firman (decree) vested Ayasos the right not to pay taxes. The Turkish Governor of the region, whose headquarters were in Sykounta, fell seriously ill. In despair, he agreed to be incensed and aspersed with the Holy Water of Zoodhochos Pigi, and he was saved by a miracle. The Ottoman Governor was so taken by enthusiasm and gratitude that he felt the need to make a very valuable offering to the Church of Our Lady, however this was forbidden by the Koran. So, he went to Constantinople and passed a firman (decree) exempting the inhabitants of Agiasos the obligation to pay taxes to the Ottoman government or to the Dignitaries of Mytilene. This exemption was a strong incentive for inhabitants from the vicinity to move to Agiasos in order to avoid tax-paying.</p><br>
<p>Agiasos became a renowned centre of handicraft. In 1729 the number of families in the village had risen to 500.</p><br>
<p>The firman was abolished in 1783.</p><br>
<p>The second church of Panayia</p><br>
<p>However the church was now very old and derelict so it had to be torn down. In 1806 reconstruction work was initiated by the Metropolite of Mytilene Ieremios and the dignitaries of Agiasos. A new church was built in its place, only larger than the first, despite the strict Order issued by the Turkish authorities stipulating that the new church had to be built exactly where the old foundations lay. The work to decorate the exterior and interior of the church took many years to complete. The décor of the interior of this church, like the first church, was very heavy, so rich it was in offerings made by the believers. The church acquired a number of fine ecclesiastical wood carvings, such as its iconostasis, throne, pulpit and the icon-stands.</p><br>
<p>The third church of Panayia</p><br>
<p>The craftsmen were still working on the wood carving when suddenly, on the 6th night of August 1812, the church went up in flames in the great fire that destroyed a large section of the town. Fortunately, all but one icon on the iconostasis were salvaged. The only icon that was destroyed was the icon of Our Lord. Indescribable was the sorrow and anguish of the devout Christians of Agiasos and the deep mourning all over the island at the loss of such a unique monument of the Christian faith.</p><br>
<p>Nonetheless, the donations which believers of Agiasos offered and the fund-raisers initiated by the Metropolite of Mytilene Callinicus and his emissaries who carried his word to the rural areas and to the opposite coasts of Asia Minor, enabled a third church, which is still standing today, to be built in 1815.</p><br>
<p>Sultan Mahmud II granted permission for the church to be built as requested by the inhabitants of Agiasos, on condition that the size of the building would not exceed that of the previous one. The church was 32.20 x. This three-aisle basilica had three apses and three Lord&#39;s Tables; the one on the right was dedicated to Saint Charalampus, and the one on the left to Saint Nicholas.</p><br>
<p>Almost all of the glebes had to be sold in order to finance the reconstruction work of the Church. In 1816 a second fund-raiser was held among the Christians in the towns and villages of Aeolis, in order to finance the completion of the interior decoration work. The construction of the iconostasis, the throne and pulpit by fine craftsmen lasted twenty years.</p><br>
<p>The church of Panayia is a true palace of faith. The offerings are treasures of priceless worth. Icons from Byzantine and Post-Byzantine era adorning the church, create an impression that one is in a place of divine Byzantine beauty.</p><br>
<p>A second fire, which broke out in 1877, almost destroyed the entire village. However, the church remained intact. Up until then, the upper section of the houses that projected onto the narrow roads were made of wood. After the fire these houses were rebuilt, only this time the upper section was made of stone rather than wood and the roads were widened. The village took its present form.</p><br>
<p>Agiasos has a population of 2,500 permanent residents, while it had 8,000 in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The Paniyiri of Panayia (The festival / feast day of Our Lady)</p><br>
<p>The feast day of Panayia takes place on 15 August. Pilgrims begin arriving weeks before the 15th not only from Lesbos but from all over Greece in order to spend the first fortnight of August ("dekapentizo") in the monk cells or camp out in the churchyard. A carnival-like atmosphere slowly builds up, peaking on the eve of the feast day.</p><br>
<p>The pilgrims arrive by all means of transportation. In fact many pilgrims walk all the way to Ayasos from Mytilene and other villages on the island, admiring the scenery along the way on the warm summer night in August. Most of the pilgrims walking to Ayasos make a stop at Karyni, in order to catch their breath and cool off under the shade of the perennial plane trees joining in the traditional festivities and merry-making. At this point of the walking trip the more daring and determined pay special tribute to the icon of Panayia Vrefokratousa by taking the old cobblestone path called "patomeni", a shortcut through the olive groves leading to Agiasos. The village comes alive with ceremony on the eve of the Feast Day of Panayia (15 August). The town of Mytilene is literally a ghost town for a couple of days, since everybody has set off for Agiasos in order to promenade and frolic through the cobbled lanes around the church, the squares and the Garden of Panayia. This large religious celebration/market fair attracts many stall-holders who display their merchandize anywhere they can, and the shop-keepers advertise their local products such as halva, sour apples, pears as best they can, while the spicy fragrance of oregano and aromatic leaves of sage are there.</p><br>
<p>Many people are still awake when dawn breaks and the fresh morning breeze blows from the mountain. The festive atmosphere is unique for all those who happen to experience it.</p><br>
<p>On the feast day of Panayia, after the observance, the holy icon is circulated around the church.</p><br>
<h2>Monuments - Sights</h2><br>
<p>The church of Panayia, a major tourist attraction on the island, is a three-aisle basilica, surrounded by high walls since it was once a monastery. Inside, in front of the iconostasis, on an inclined support stands the miracle working icon of Our Lady dating from the 4th century AD. It was brought to Agiasos from Jerusalem by the monk Aghathon the Ephesian. Directly above a silver gilt replica of the icon dating from the 12th century AD. A number of old icons dating from the Byzantine era are set on the ledges of the iconostasis. For more information about the Church, see “History of the village”.</p><br>
<p>"The Garden of Our Lady" is a cool area with a lovely view of the village from below. Here stands the 600-year-old towering plane tree with its enormous branches, under which Eleftherios Venizelos is said to have danced.</p><br>
<p>The chapel of "Holy Apostles" (Agii Apostoli), located inside the yard walls of the Church of Panayia is of remarkable architecture, and the chapel of the "life-giving source" (Zoodhochos Piyi), where, legend says, Aghathon the Ephesian, the monk who brought the miracle-worker icon of Panayia from Agiasos, built his hermitage during the Iconoclast times.</p><br>
<p>The church of the Holy Trinity, the second largest church in Ayasos, is located in the Kampoudi area in the upper entrance of the village. Built in 1870, it is a replica of the Church of Panayia and other Basilicas of the 18th century. The church has many remarkable icons, some of which date back to the 17th century. Noteworthy is the small but elegant church bell tower.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s fair is held on the feast day of the Holy Spirit, marking the beginning of summer for all village activities. Access to the church is easiest by taking the upper entrance to the village, is found if you turn left at the crossroad leading to Megalochori.</p><br>
<p>The Market Square lined with neoclassical style coffee houses ("kafeneio").</p><br>
<p>The "Kasteli" is a magnificent verdurous height covered in pine trees at an altitude of 600 m, northwest of the town. Here stands two picturesque little church among flower gardens and vegetable patches, one of which is dedicated to the Archangel. Ruins of a medieval fortification can also be seen.</p><br>
<p>Just before the ascent to Agiasos, there is the Reservoir of Karyni, plunged in perennial planes dating from the Roman times. One of these planes is a tourist attraction because of the enormity of its hollow.</p><br>
<p>Folk Art Museum. The museum operates from January to December and is located in the Church yard. One of the exhibits is the life-size model of a room in a traditional house of Ayasos. The museum collections include fine works of folk art (embroidery, textile works, traditional costumes, old copperware etc.), old jewelry which are pilgrims’ offerings to the church (rings, bracelets, ear-rings, brooches, barrettes etc.), an old coin collection etc. An "Ayasotiki ghonia" (traditional corner of Agiasos) is exhibited at the Museum.</p><br>
<p>Ecclesiastical Museum. The museum operates in the Church yard. Its collection items include: The Holy Rood made with wood from the True Cross, the sacred relics of the Saints, holy vessels, old hanging oil-lamps (18th century), a stole embroidered with gold (ecclesiastical vestment) (16th century), an embroidered epitaph of Panayia (Our Lady), embroidered testers (canopy over altar or pulpit) an old icon-stand, an old piece of Venetian furniture, etc.</p><br>
<h2>Folk art</h2><br>
<p>Ceramics</p><br>
<p>The history of the art of ceramics in Agiasos is as old as the history of the town itself.</p><br>
<p>The arrival of the icon of Our Lady and the other relics to the island on the one hand, and the foundation of the monastery on the other, contributed to transforming Agiasos into a place of pilgrimage. This pilgrimage attracted thousands of believers, especially during the Turkish Rule. Thus, production of pottery such as water pitchers, plates, etc., in order to meet the demands of the throngs of devout Christians.</p><br>
<p>Nowadays, a new series of pottery products has been introduced; small fonts (receptacles for holy water) used by the pilgrims to transport the holy water to their homes and other clay knickknacks and souvenirs.</p><br>
<p>It is noteworthy to say that, this increased demand for production combined with the migration to Agiasos of a great number of craftsmen from Çanakkale in Asia Minor, have contributed to a greater development of the art of ceramics in Agiasos than in the eastern areas of the island.</p><br>
<p>Due to these special circumstances, potters and other craftsmen have established trade unions, known as “sinafia”. A money box dating from 1864 is evidence of the existence of the “sinafia” of Agiasos.</p><br>
<p>However the flourishing art of ceramics in Agiasos, is slowly diminishing along with the old way of life, as a consequence of new needs society and introduction of new, more resistant materials in the market.</p><br>
<p>Thus, while 40 years ago there were 10 pottery workshops, only two operate today.</p><br>
<p>Still, the presence of art of ceramics in the town is apparent anyone who visits the town. The unique feature of the art of pottery in Agiasos is the multitude of small objects created to serve solely ornamental purposes. The themes portrayed on these objects are usually borrowed from the scenes of daily life in Agiasos, such as loaded donkeys, shepherds, women spinning wool, pitcher-whistles for little children – toys that whistle when water is added etc.</p><br>
<p>In the by-gone days, these potters created their clayware without the use of a potter&#39;s wheel. Today they use plaster casts (molds). Once the finishing touches are added to the product eliminate all traces left by the mold, the objects are painted with colours that are true to the prototypes that they portray.</p><br>
<p>Wood Carving</p><br>
<p>The traditional art of woodcraft using olive and walnut tree wood is particularly developed. Their carved icons and furniture of Agiasos which are hand wrought are displays of fine artistry for which wood carvers of Agiasos are famous.</p><br>
<p>The tradition of woodcarving is said to have its origins among the craftsmen who created the wood-carved iconostasis of the Church of Panayia in 1812. Originally these craftsmen were the Greeks of Asia Minor, who had astute apprentices from Agiasos to whom they passed on their trade and who inherited their legacy. The families of the “Sentoukadhes” (chest-makers) were named after the trade of some of their members were chest-makers who made fine “sentoukia” (chests/trunks). A large number of houses in Agiasos are decorated with old furniture (mainly chests) which are decorated with carved fretwork designs.</p><br>
<p>During the postwar times, Dhimitris Kamaros, the grandson of a wood-carver, carried on this trade. His carved fretwork became famous not only on the island but all over Greece and abroad. Most of today’s young carvers were his apprentices. Each of these fine carvers have evolved and developed their own personal style and personality. However, the par excellence craftsman of carved icons Prokopis Skopelitis, was not a students of Kamaros, but self-taught like certain other new carvers.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore Tradition</h2><br>
<p>There is a particularly rich folklore tradition in Agiasos.</p><br>
<p>The cultural lighthouse is the Reading Society "I ANAPTIXI" (development) the influence of which goes far beyond the town itself. The island was still under Turkish Domination, the Reading Society expressed the need of certain restless intellectuals for cultivation and information, through books and newspapers. Then in 1894 a night school, amateur theatre company, and choir which organised music – literary nights.</p><br>
<p>It was a nucleus of national uplifting and offered significant support to the Macedonian Struggle. Its activity and presence in the cultural and artistic life of Ayasos is significant up to our days. The Reading Society which is housed in a private building complex, just outside the lower entrance to the town, includes: a Library with over 20,000 volumes of old and new books on all every fields of science, a large reading room, a theatre for theatrical performances and screening of films, a folklore museum and an exhibition room with a permanent collection of paintings.</p><br>
<p>The Arts department stages a large number of plays of both foreign and Greek playwrights (In fact many are from Ayasos). Since 1954 the Reading Society has staged more than 35 theatrical plays. Some of its performances have been staged in Mytilene and almost all other villages of Lesvos, in Athens, Piraeus and even as far away as Australia, always with tremendous success.</p><br>
<p>The Chairman, Panos Pratsos, has been the soul of the Reading Society for the past forty five years. His knowledge and love for music resulted in the establishment of a Music department and the Children&#39;s Choir, which often make appearances. Lectures and literary events are also organised by the Reading Society.</p><br>
<p>The Carnival</p><br>
<p>Agiasos is the Mecca of the Carnival of Lesvos, where thousands of people flock every year to take part in its festivities. The carnival of Agiasos differs from the carnivals of the rest of Greece because of its eccentricity, mordacity and witty satyres (iambic fifteen syllable verse) expressed by the folk poet in the vernacular of Agiasos.</p><br>
<p>The Carnival’s history begins in the times of the Turkish Domination and continues to this day. In the course of its century-old history this custom went through a number of stages as it was influenced by countless events and evolved with each historical time. Today it retains the form it took during the post-war period, that is, a folklore event with distinct theatrical elements held in open air, creating a thematic unity combining satiric verses and carnival floats. Its folk muse themes cover a broad spectrum. A famous myth is usually chosen, through which the current socio-political situation is portrayed by using allegorical representation and symbolism. Public figures and current affairs issues are satirized through parallelism. The folk poet does not to go about merrymaking in disguise during the festival just to amuse his audience, but seeks to inspire, to set an example, to cauterize the decayed section of the social body with the thermocautery of his fountain pen. The folk poet is not prudish, instead, he lashes out mercilessly against all that is wrong or unjust, he speaks his mind and is honest. He is daring and prophetic. He does not fear or compromise, nor does he come out in favor of anyone. His caustic sauciness is like an injection used to treat an ailing social body.</p><br>
<p>There are close correlation between the carnival of Agiasos and the cultural creation and tradition of ancient Greece. The Carnival is a tragic figure. It tries to deal with the buffets of fate by mocking its own trials, it manages to get the society to laugh about its own farrago of sufferings, in order to be able to bear them both in body and soul and ultimately to survive. These carnivals were bacchic festivals devoted to the worship of Dionysus, where eternal recreation, fertility and regeneration of nature during spring were exalted. They were characterised by the dionysian orgy of those initiated to divine worship, by which it was believed achieved catharsis of the soul, spiritual renewal and the exaltation caused by perfection of unearthly life.</p><br>
<p>The carnival of today preserved relics of the bacchic perception of life such as the “tripsimata”, songs of rhyming couplets that are a hymn to the genitals and the “im’ tzouromata” of those who “archionti” (the word archiomi, is derived from the ancient Greek verb “orchoumai” which means to participate in an orcho (pool), to dance, to take part in the circle of those initiated to the Dionysian worship, whose bodies were painted with tartar, the residue of the grapes and wine, which were red).</p><br>
<p>The Carnival of Agiasos is a vivid cultural symbol. It is a unique sample of local folk cultural and artistic creation on the national scale. Despite the fact that it receives little support by the State, the carnival manages to survive, thanks to the sacrifices and will of the people of Agiasos.</p><br>
<p>The traditional costume of Agiasos</p><br>
<p>The distinctive feature of the traditional costume of Ayasos dating from the 18th century, are the pleated bloomers or breeches called a “salvari”. This loose fitting garment was worn in a number villages on the island, e.g. Plomari. These bloomers are usually six-leaved, with a width of three leaves. The material covering the inner part of the legs, from the crotch to below the knee named “kalamovrakia” or “klapatses” - are longer than the middle section i.e. the seat of the (bloomers).</p><br>
<p>The length of the bloomer leg in relation to the seat of the bloomers varied according to the woman’s height. The snugness of the fit depended on the how correct these measurements were. The bloomer legs, which were often made from a plain fabric for reasons of thrift, were gathered below the knee. The bloomer leg cuffs had eyelets through which crocheted cordons called “vrakothilies” were passed, thus ensuring the pleated material fit snugly around the ankles.</p><br>
<p>The features that made the bloomers of Agiasos special, particularly those worn by young women, are the textiles from which they were made, the colour of the dyes created warm colours such as red and yellow. The warmth of the tartan and striped designs that were more vivid in combinations of white and the various shades of “geranium” red, dark blue and green.</p><br>
<p>Another feature of the bloomer was the puffed effect created by the “overstuffing” by two, three or more pairs of underpants, of the same or smaller size which were worn under the outer garment. These underpants or “katovrakia” as the people of Agiasos call them and an underskirt were worn next to the skin and were indispensable especially for an appearance on a special occasion.</p><br>
<p>These clothing accessories insured there was enough volume to create a plasticity effect and thus highlight a plethoric femininity, according to aesthetic views of the time. The traditional garment was supplemented by a camisole and a brocade bolero worn over the young woman’s Sunday-best shirt.</p><br>
<p>From the first decades of the 20th century, European fashion reached the villages of the island and influenced aesthetic tastes to such a degree that the local traditional garment was gradually put aside. The higher social classes were, as one would expect, the first to forsake the traditional costume, purchasing their garments from Constantinople, Smyrna and other centres of fashion abroad.</p><br>
<p>This trend was more popular in the town of Mytilene. Close-pleated skirts were now considered to be very fashionable. The beautiful, bright-coloured textile bloomers were now a thing of the past. Nevertheless, some of the elderly women of highland Ayasos can still be seen wearing their traditional “vraka” (bloomers).</p><br>
<p>Today even farmers’ wives who now follow the trends of fashion, wear the special bloomer (salvari) when they work in the fields during the winter. They put on their traditional bloomer or a less intricate version which is somewhat more easily worn, and take to the slopes for the olive or chestnut harvest. Though it has now become a museum item, this well preserved traditional garment, the “salvari” is still worn by women both young and old during the olive and walnut cultivation.</p><br>
<p>Kalloni  is the name of a town, and since the 2011 local government reform the name of a municipal unit of the municipality Lesbos, in the west-central part of the island of Lesbos, Greece. Prior to 2011 the current municipal unit was a municipality. The name also existed in ancient times, though the conventional transcription of the classical name in English is "Callone".</p><br>
<p>It has a land area of 241.946 km². At the 2011 census it had a population of 8,504 inhabitants. The municipal seat was the town of Kalloní (pop. 1,978). The unit&#39;s largest other towns are Agra (955), Parákoila (818), Dáfia (992), Fília (653), Skalochóri (534), Anemotia (449), and Kerámi (584). Kalloni was known as Kalonya during Ottoman rule, when it was a nahiya (township) center in the Molova kaza of the Midilli sanjak. Lesbos became part of the Kingdom of Greece in 1912.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Kalloni is surrounded by the gulf waters, and supplied by a plain of 100 km², through which six rivers flow. There is always enough water from the underground and spring waters for its vineyards and gardens.</p><br>
<p>Kalloni was historically the crossroad where the main roads passed. This has not changed much from ancient times. The village is surrounded by historic monasteries.</p><br>
<p>In the last decade, the central village of Kalloni developed in the field of trade. Kalloni was the seat of the municipality that comprised the settlements:</p><br>
<p>Agra</p><br>
<p>Anemotia</p><br>
<p>Arisvi</p><br>
<p>Dafia</p><br>
<p>Filia</p><br>
<p>Kalloni</p><br>
<p>Kerami</p><br>
<p>Parakoila</p><br>
<p>Skalochori</p><br>
<h2>Festivals</h2><br>
<p>The summer festivals present a special interest. The festival of sardines in Skala Kalloni in July, where freshly grilled sardines are offered to the visitors with plenty of ouzo accompanied with live traditional music and dance shows. On 16 August a festival takes place in the main square of Kalloni in order to honor émigrés. The livestock breeding in Agra, the wine festival in Anemotia as well as the panigyri of Saint Trinity on 7 July in Kalloni, which includes three days of feasting and horse races.</p><br>
<h2>Historical sites</h2><br>
<p>There are significant archaeological sites on the plain. The ancient Lesbians worshiped many of the ancient gods in great sanctuaries, parts of which are preserved today. The temple of Messa was dedicated to Zeus, Dionysus and Ira, constituted a worship and communication centre for all the Lesbians, and at the beginning of the 2nd century B.C. was the seat of the federation of all the cities of Lesbos. During the early Christian period a basilica was erected over the temple, which was succeeded by a mid-Byzantine church. There are many remains, ruins, altars and ancient remnants around the region, signs of worship of the Lesbian people who arrived there as pilgrims to the great sanctuary of Pyrra and of the entire island. Important archaeological sites are also found in Apothika, between Parakila and Agra, where the ancient retaining wall of about six meters height is located, but also in Makara, bearing the name of the first settler of Lesbos during ancient times.</p><br>
<h2>Bay and lagoon</h2><br>
<p>The lagoon and bay of Kalloni is a shallow, rich wetland that hosts aquatic and avian life, including flamingos, porpoises and dolphins, and seals. It is especially renowned for its yield of sardines. Following his departure from Platos Academy after being passed over for the schools headship, Aristotle spent a few years with his friend Theophrastus at the Callone lagoon, studying animal life: his observations there formed the material for the very first treatises ever written on the subject of biology, namely his books on the "history, parts, movement, progression, and generation" of animals.</p><br>
<p>Loutropoli Thermis  is a village and a former municipality on the island of Lesbos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lesbos, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located on the central east coast of the island. It has a land area of 79.468 km². Its population was 3,135 at the 2011 census. Loutrópoli Thermís  was the seat of the municipality that comprises Loutrópoli Thermís, Pigi, Komi, Mistegna and Nees Kydonies. The largest towns are Loutrópoli Thermís, Mistegná , Nées Kydoníes , and Pigí .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The region of Thermi has a history going back five thousand years. The region takes its name from the thermal springs located there for centuries. Archaeological finds indicate that during the antiquity, the Greek goddess Artemis was worshipped as protector of the curative springs.</p><br>
<p>After archaeological excavations in the past years next to the beach, the layers and traces of five cities built one over the other were revealed, the oldest of which dates back to the middle of the 3rd millennium.</p><br>
<p>The magnificence and the radiance of the religious and therapeutic centre of Thermi is also testified by numerous archaeological finds, including the foundations of buildings and inscriptions. Some of these relics are exhibited at the outdoor archaeological site of Horafa. At the beginning of the 20th century, the region of Thermi was popular for its luxurious hotel, Sarlitza Palace, which was built on the plans of French architects. For about thirty years, it received great recognition, attracting visitors and celebrities from all over the world. Today it is in decline and only the hot baths are operational.</p><br>
<p>Plomari  is a town and a former municipality on the island of Lesbos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Lesbos, of which it is a municipal unit. It is the only sizable coastal settlement in the south, and indeed the second largest town on Lesbos. The municipal unit of Plomari is the southernmost on Lesbos island and has a land area of 122.452 km² and a 2011 census population of 5,602. Its largest towns or villages are Plomári, the former municipal seat , Plagiá , Palaiochóri , Megalochóri , and Akrási .</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Plomari is located due south of Mount Olympos. It offers scenic appeal as well as the presence of its famous ouzo distilling industry. Brands can be sampled at the traditional kafenia. The local festival (or "panigiri") season kicks off in mid-July with an ouzo festival, and culminates towards the end month in celebrations honouring Agios Haralambos and including such rural activities as horse race. The seaside summer resort of Agios Isidoros lies on the east, two kilometers far from Plomari, while the seaside neighbourhood Ammoudeli, with the church of Agios Panteleimonas, is located on the west. Agios Isidoros has been voted as the seventh best beach of Greece, in a voting that took place through the internet for the program of clean coasts. West of Plomari 6 km away you can reach Melinda, a 700-metre sand-and-shingle beach at the mouth of a canyon choked with olive trees.</p><br>
<h2>Province</h2><br>
<p>The province of Plomari (Επαρχία Πλωμαρίου) was one of the provinces of the Lesbos Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipal unit Plomari and the village Stavros. It was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Sport</h2><br>
<p>There is a sports club based in Plomari called Egeas Plomariou (Greek: Αιγέας Πλωμαρίου) best knows for its football team that currently plays in one of local football championships of Greece, lowest leagues of Greek football, and was founded in 1949. It has a basketball team too.</p><br>
<h2>Landmarks</h2><br>
<p>Polikentro</p><br>
<p>Ouzo Museum - The World of Ouzo (Ouzo of Plomari Isidoros Arvanitis)</p><br>
<p>Ouzo Museum (Varvayianni)</p><br>
<p>Soap museum</p><br>
<p>The Bloomington Viaduct spans the Northern Branch of the Potomac River connecting Bloomington, Maryland to Mineral County, West Virginia. The sandstone railroad bridge features three full center arches, each with a 56-foot  span and a 28-foot  rise. It is owned and operated by CSX Transportation on its Mountain Subdivision.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When built in 1851, it carried a double track of the original Baltimore and Ohio Railroad main line. In 1916 the viaduct was widened to accommodate two more tracks. The addition is a Melan-type reinforced concrete bridge of identical configuration built against the south face of the original stone bridge. As the state boundary follows the southern bank of the Potomac, nearly all of the bridge is located in Garrett County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>The Bloomington Viaduct was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 1976.</p><br>
<p>Dug Pond is a small body of water in Natick, Massachusetts. Most notably it is home to Memorial Beach, one of few swimming beaches in Natick, and its eastern shore is the site of Natick High School.</p><br>
<h2>Uses</h2><br>
<p>Memorial Beach is used in the summer for swimmers on day and season passes boasting a picnic area, snack bar, small playground, floating dock, and a separate platform with a diving board. A small building contains showers, bathrooms, and a changing area. The beach is also the start and finish of the swimming leg of the Natick Mini Triathlon. Swimming in the rest of the pond is not as common but is done by swimmers who are in need of larger areas. The Town of Natick employs lifeguards, mostly college and high school students.</p><br>
<p>The pond also has a recently renovated boat ramp located on the south side, suitable for canoes and car-top boats, which is used mainly for small fishing boats and also the fleet belonging to the Natick High School Sailing Team.</p><br>
<p>Fishing for pleasure (including ice fishing) is also relatively common, mainly on the northern shore where there are several fishing areas with dirt paths leading to Pond Street, and on the southern shore near the boat ramp. Rainbow trout, brown trout, brook trout, largemouth bass, chain pickerels, bluegills, pumpkinseeds, brown bullheads, carp, eels, perch, and golden shiners are all relatively common. A type of freshwater hydrozoan, Craspedacusta sowerbyi, can also be found in the pond.</p><br>
<p>The pond is also used by diving teams of the Natick Police and Fire Departments for practice rescue drills in both summer and winter, generally along the north shore.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Dug Pond is a typical New England pond with one island, 48 acre in area, with depth reaching a maximum of 45 ft and averaging 15 ft. The pond&#39;s transparency is relatively good and it has sparse aquatic vegetation. It has a rocky sandbar near the center on which the depth is close to 3 feet (1 m), but for the most part the pond follows standard depth patterns. Generally, excluding the beach and the boat launch, the pond has steep dirt shores with trees growing close to the water. In winter, it is usually covered completely by ice and is often safe to walk on for months.</p><br>
<p>The pond has one significant wooded island, which rises 21 feet above the pond at its highest and is approximately 100,000 ft&sup2; in area. The island is located near the pond&#39;s western shore. It can be accessed by wading through waist deep water in the southwest channel that is reached from trails leading off Lakeview Ave. The island has semi steep slopes from the water to the top of the island where there is a depression that contains the remains of an old fire. There is a rope swing on the east side of the island that faces Memorial Beach with a drop-off shortly after the shoreline. It is important to wear footwear while on the island as there is a lot of broken glass littering the ground.</p><br>
<p>In the northeast corner of the pond is a small area of wetlands, where the stream that feeds the pond enters. (The stream leaves the pond near the boat ramp on the south side.)</p><br>
<p>The dip in Pond Street on Dug Pond&#39;s northern shore represents a significant split in water flow. All runoff to the north of Pond Street eventually runs (by way of Lake Cochituate) into the Sudbury River, which enters the Merrimack before reaching the Atlantic. All runoff south of Pond Street, including the outflow of Dug Pond itself, drains to the Charles River and eventually Boston Harbor.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural significance</h2><br>
<p>According to legend, the pond itself was excavated from level ground and intended to be used as a pasture for animals, but filled with rainwater, hence the name "Dug Pond." It was the steep slope of the shores that led townspeople to guess it was a man made pond.</p><br>
<p>One interesting cultural feature is a flat wall of concrete about five by twenty feet on the northwest shore, which is accessible by trails from above and by wading from below. This is the leftover foundation of an old icehouse. It is known to Natick High School students simply as "The Wall," and because it is directly visible across the pond from many rooms of NHS, it is the site of constantly changing graffiti, mainly by members of high school sports teams.</p><br>
<p>By road, the distance around the pond is 1.86 miles, or almost exactly 3 km. Running this route starting at or near the high school is known as "running the pond," and is often a part of the tryouts for high school sports teams, where the potential team members must finish the pond running, but generally not under any time limit.</p><br>
<p>Dug Pond is also the source of the name for the relatively significant road Pond Street, which runs parallel to Route 135 from downtown Natick to Speen Street.</p><br>
<p>Puerto Rico National Cemetery is a United States national cemetery located in the city of Bayamón, in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. It encompasses 108.2 acre of land, and as of the end of 2005, had 44,722 interments. It is the only National Cemetery in Puerto Rico, and the only one outside of the mainland United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land in which the cemetery is located was under the jurisdiction of the United States Navy since 1898, when Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States as a consequence of the treaties signed which officially ended the Spanish–American War. The area was used as a machine gun firing range during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The Government of the United States decided that the site, which is located in Bayamon and is approximately 13 miles from San Juan, would be suitable for the construction of a new cemetery. The land was transferred to the stewardship of the United States Department of the Army and the private firm of Font & Montilla was contracted to build the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was dedicated on Veterans Day in 1949, in a ceremony attended by Luis Muñoz Marín, the Governor of Puerto Rico, and Major General Herman Feldman, the Quartermaster of the USA Army. The cemetery has become a shrine to the Puerto Rican veterans who have served in the United States military and those who perished while on active duty. In 1962, the remains of those interred on all other five military cemeteries on the island were transferred there.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery has the only Memorial Program Service Marker Processing Center site located in a national cemetery and outside of the United States. The Puerto Rico National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 26, 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>The following list has the names of distinguished Puerto Ricans, and non-Puerto Rican veterans who have made Puerto Rico their home, who served in the USA military and are interred there.</p><br>
<p>Domingo Arroyo, Jr., PFC, USA Marine Corps. First Puerto Rican and American serviceman to be killed in Operation Restore Hope during the Somalian Civil War. Section I, Row 0, Site 111.</p><br>
<p>Bailey K. Ashford, Colonel, USA Army. Spanish–American War veteran, doctor, parasitologist, author. A pioneering physician, Ashford organized and conducted a parasite treatment campaign, which cured approximately 300,000 persons (one-third of the Puerto Rico population) and reduced the death rate from this anemia by 90 percent. Section A, Site 1204.</p><br>
<p>Carlos Betances Ramírez, Colonel, USA Army. Betances Ramírez was the only Puerto Rican to command a Battalion in the Korean War. Section K, Site 3030.</p><br>
<p>Modesto Cartagena, Sergeant First Class, USA Army. Served in the 65th Infantry Regiment, an all-Puerto Rican regiment also known as "The Borinqueneers", during World War II and the Korean War. He was the most decorated Puerto Rican soldier in history.</p><br>
<p>Carlos Fernando Chardón, Major General, USA Army. Puerto Rico Adjutant General from 1969 to 1973. Chardon was also the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico from 1969 to 1973</p><br>
<p>Virgilio N. Cordero, Jr., Brigadier General, USA Army. Battalion Commander of the 31st Infantry Regiment. He documented his experiences as a prisoner of war and his participation in the infamous Bataan Death March of World War II. Section G, Plot 3</p><br>
<p>Juan César Cordero Dávila, Major General, USA Army. Cordero Dávila was the commanding officer of the 65th Infantry Regiment during the Korean War, rising to become one of the highest ranking ethnic officers in the United States Army. Section C, Row, Site 0.</p><br>
<p>Efrain Figueroa-Melendez, Staff Sergeant, USA Army. Figueroa-Melendez, awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, was a member of Company D, 3d Battalion, 8th Infantry Regiment, 4th Infantry Division. On three occasions Staff Sergeant Figueroa-Melendez purposely drew communist volleys on himself to permit his men to draw back to protected positions. Plot: E 563.</p><br>
<p>Fernando Luis García Ledesma, PFC, USA Marine Corps. García Ledesma was the first Puerto Rican awarded the Medal of Honor. Plot: MB 0 3.</p><br>
<p>César Luis González, First Lieutenant, USA Air Force. During World War II, González became the first pilot from Puerto Rico to fly for the US Army Air Corps and one of the first Puerto Ricans to die in combat during that conflict. He was posthumously promoted to 1st. Lt. Plot: A 175.</p><br>
<p>Mihiel "Mike" Gilormini, Brigadier General, USA Air Force. A World War II hero, was the recipient of 5 Distinguished Flying Cross&#39;s and co-founder of the Puerto Rico Air National Guard. Gilormini had previously flown for the Royal Canadian Air Force (1941) and the Royal Air Force (1941–1942). Plot: F 314.</p><br>
<p>Gilberto José Marxuach, Colonel, USA Army. Son of Teofilo Marxuach. He is known as "The Father of the San Juan Civil Defense". Plot: C 60.</p><br>
<p>Teófilo Marxuach, Lieutenant Colonel, USA Army. Ordered the first shot fired in World War I on behalf of the United States on an armed German supply ship trying to force its way out of the San Juan Bay. Section C, Site 59.</p><br>
<p>Elmy L. Matta, 1st. Lieutenant, USA Army. Awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, as member of the 8th Cavalry Regiment (Infantry), 1st CAV DIV. Lieutenant Matta was killed while personally leading an assault of his company against the enemy in the face of intense small arms and automatic weapons fire. Plot: A 0 41.</p><br>
<p>José Antonio Muñiz, Lieutenant Colonel, USA Army Air Force. Muñiz, together with then-Colonels Alberto A. Nido and Mihiel Gilormini, founded the Puerto Rico Air National Guard. In 1963, the Air National Guard Base, at the San Juan International airport in Puerto Rico, was renamed "Muñiz Air National Guard Base" in his honor. Plot: E, Row 0, Site 312.</p><br>
<p>Juan E. Negrón, Master Sergeant, USA Army. Negron is the first member of the 65th Infantry Regiment to be posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. Plot: J 0 3180.</p><br>
<p>Alberto A. Nido, Brigadier General, USA Air Force. World War II hero who co-founded the Puerto Rico Air National Guard and served as its commander for many years. Plot: J 9.</p><br>
<p>Belisario Noriega, Master Sergeant, USA Army. Awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, served with the 65th Infantry Regiment, 3d Infantry Division. He led his men through the hostile ranks of the enemy to the safety of the main line of resistance. Plot: E 582.</p><br>
<p>Ramón Núñez-Juárez, PFC, USA Marine Corps. Posthumously awarded the Navy Cross, second highest military award of the United States of America after the Medal of Honor. He was the only Puerto Rican member of the United States Marine Corps whose remains have never been recovered and who was listed as Missing in Action during the Korean War. Plot: MB, Row 0, Site 2.r</p><br>
<p>Agustín Ramos Calero, Sergeant First Class, USA Army. Ramos Calero, with 22 military decorations, was the most decorated Hispanic soldier in all of the United States during World War II. Plot: J 2116.</p><br>
<p>Lizbeth Robles, SPC, USA Army. First Puerto Rican female soldier born in Puerto Rico to die in Iraq. Section A, Row 0, Site 1333.</p><br>
<p>Antonio Rodríguez Balinas, Brigadier General, USA Army. Rodríguez Balinas was the first commander of the Office of the First USA Army Deputy Command.</p><br>
<p>Eurípides Rubio, Captain, USA Army. Recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Vietnam War. Section HSA, Site 5.</p><br>
<p>Antulio Segarra, Colonel, USA Army. In 1943, Segarra became the first Puerto Rican Regular Army officer to command a Regular Army Regiment when he assumed the command of Puerto Rico&#39;s 65th Infantry Regiment which at the time was conducting security missions in the jungles of Panama. Plot: A, Row 0, Site 353.</p><br>
<p>Pedro Vázquez Rivera USA Marine Corps. Vázquez Rivera was an attorney and engineer who served as Puerto Rico&#39;s eighth Secretary of State from 1979 to 1981 under Governor Carlos Romero Barceló, Deputy Mayor of San Juan, Puerto Rico from 1984 to 1988 under Mayor Baltasar Corrada del Rio and Executive Director of the publicly owned Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) from 1977 to 1979.</p><br>
<p>Frances M. Vega, SPC, USA Army. First stateside born Puerto Rican female soldier to die in a war. Section L, Row 0, Site 7.</p><br>
<h3>Others</h3><br>
<p>Members of the Otero family murdered by serial killer Dennis Rader:</p><br>
<p>Joseph Otero, Sergeant, USA Army.</p><br>
<p>Julie Otero, wife of Joseph Otero</p><br>
<p>Josephine Otero, daughter of Joseph and Julie Otero</p><br>
<p>Joseph Otero II, son of Joseph and Julie Otero</p><br>
<p>John Ernest Sayle, British Merchant Marine crewmember killed during World War II; one of two gravesites of British Commonwealth servicemen buried in Puerto Rico administered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.</p><br>
<p>Captain Elwood Palmes Walmsley, Royal Air Force pilot killed during World War II; one of two gravesites of British Commonwealth servicemen buried in Puerto Rico administered by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.</p><br>
<h3>Gallery of notable interments</h3><br>
<p>Penns Creek is a 67.1 mi tributary of the Susquehanna River in central Pennsylvania in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Originally named "John Penns Creek" after William Penns younger brother, it was renamed Penns Creek (without the apostrophe) in 1802 by an Act of Assembly. The creek drains a watershed of approximately 163 square miles in Snyder, Union, and Centre counties.</p><br>
<p>Penns Creek flows from its headwaters north of Spring Mills to the Susquehanna River, approximately 3.6 mi downstream of Selinsgrove.</p><br>
<p>A large spring within Penns Cave, a commercial cave that offers guided tours by boat, forms one source for this limestone creek.</p><br>
<p>The upper reaches of Penns Creek offer some of the best trout flyfishing in the Northeast, with a Green Drake hatch occurring in late May that is one of the largest in the world. Additional Hendricksons, Sulphurs, and Tricos also attract anglers. As the water travels towards the Susquehanna, the temperatures gradually warm to levels best suited for panfish.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>(In order heading downstream)</p><br>
<p>Sinking Creek</p><br>
<p>Elk Creek</p><br>
<p>Pine Creek</p><br>
<p>Middle Creek</p><br>
<h2>Environmental issues</h2><br>
<p>Ongoing pollution and soil erosion in the region continue to degrade the water quality and the environment locally as well as regionally. Farming, surface mining, wastewater treatment facilities and industrial spills are cited as contributing factors to loss of water quality. It also contributes to the pollution of the Chesapeake Bay. Controlling the wastewater discharges alone is expected to cost local taxpayers billions of dollars.</p><br>
<h2>Organizations</h2><br>
<p>The Lower Penns Creek Watershed Association’s central purpose is to protect, conserve, and improve the Lower Penns Creek watershed by promoting the wise stewardship of the land and aquatic resources. The organization is open to all citizens. LPCWA’s efforts contribute to the success of the missions of the and the Susquehanna River Basin Commission. The Snyder County Conservation District and the Union County Conservation District both have watershed specialists that participate in LPCWA.</p><br>
<p>Monumental Church is a former Episcopal church that stands at 1224 E. Broad Street between N. 12th and College Streets in Richmond, Virginia. Designed by architect Robert Mills, it is one of America&#39;s earliest and most distinctive Greek Revival churches and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is a National Historic Landmark and is located in the Court End historic district.</p><br>
<p>Monumental Church was built between 1812 and 1814 to commemorate the 72 people who died on the site in the December 26, 1811 Richmond Theatre fire. The building consists of two parts: a crypt and a church. The crypt is located beneath the sanctuary and contains the remains of those claimed by the fire. The church is an octagonal construction of brick and Aquia sandstone with a stucco coat.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of Monumental Church was known initially as the first Academy of Fine Arts and Sciences in America, or "The Theatre Square." Chevalier Quesnay de Beaurepaire, a French officer in the Revolutionary army, had developed the idea for the academy but the plan was abandoned due to the war. In 1786 on this site Richmond&#39;s first theatre was built, which had the appearance of a "barn-like building." The Virginia Ratifying Convention of 1788 was held in this building beginning on June 3 for three weeks "after first convening in the temporary capitol at Cary and fourteenth streets." Among the many individuals in attendance were James Madison, John Marshall, James Monroe, Edmund Pendleton, George Wythe, George Nicholas, Edmund Randolph, George Mason, Richard Henry Lee and Patrick Henry. This building was destroyed by fire in 1802 and the Richmond Theatre would replace it.</p><br>
<p>Following the 1811 theatre fire, the church was commissioned by Chief Justice John Marshall and designed by architect Robert Mills, the first American-born architect, the only pupil of Thomas Jefferson and the architect of the Washington Monument and White House of the Confederacy. Mills "had a reputation for being particularly concerned with fireproofing," probably owing to his work on Monumental, and later in his career designed Charleston&#39;s Fireproof Building as a testament to that fact.</p><br>
<p>Monumental Church established the first Sunday School program in Richmond on Nov. 20, 1817. Famous parishioners included Chief Justice John Marshall whose family occupied pew No. 23, Edgar Allan Poe, whose foster parents the Allans were members and occupied pew No. 80, the Marquis de Lafayette when he visited Richmond in 1824, William Mayo of Powhatan and the Chamberlayne family.</p><br>
<p>Three Richmond congregations were formed from Monumental, including: St. Jamess in 1831, St. Pauls in 1845 and All Saints in 1888.</p><br>
<p>Deconsecrated in 1965, it was given by the Medical College of Virginia to the Historic Richmond Foundation, an affiliate of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The design of the Monumental Church generated a certain amount of controversy between the two architects namely, Benjamin Henry Latrobe and Robert Mills who were consulted independently by the Committee. Latrobe who had submitted his designs initially had assumed that his plan was approved by the Committee. However, the Committee approved the plan submitted by Robert Mills which combined the monument with the church. This resulted in an awkward situation for Latrobe as Mills had worked as his assistant in his office. Latrobe refused to submit any alternate plan when requested by the Committee as he felt slighted. However, he commended their decision and wrote glowingly of the Mills capability to fulfill the assignment.</p><br>
<p>Following this, there was a sequence of exchange of letters between Latrobe and Mills though not very cordial at times, with the Latrobe’s last letter of July 22, 1812 addressed to Mills ending the controversy. Mills is said to have replied stating that he was not aware of Latrobe’s plans and designs. However, the final design of Mills was adopted for the Monument Church.</p><br>
<p>Mills plan consisted of "an emphatic monumental porch&#39;"—thirty-two feet square as Latrobe had proposed—grafted onto an auditorium style church. The porch which Mills called the "vestibule" dominates the south elevation, and fronts upon the street. The body of the church is an octagon, one facet of which abuts the rear of the monumental porch. Within the church directly across from the doorway from the monumental church, the pulpit stands within an acoustically conceived apse, which balances the porch. This bay projects from the northern face of the octagon and was intended to serve as the base of the steeple (never executed). To the east and west corresponding bays project; these contain stairways to the balcony that circumscribe the interior, except the pulpit apse on the north face of the nave. A low saucer dome caps the nave, and its center is pierced by a round monitor or cupola." The monumental porch adopted "shadow, void and contrasting forms" to register a lasting impression. The design also adopted large forms with least ornamentation with the brown colour of the Aquia stone sandstone accentuating the solemnity of the structure. The placement of the large piers in the porch brought about a shaded interior. The Doric columns with fluted drums also projected out into the light. The overall effect of the porch is thus one of geometrically proportioned and balanced structure.</p><br>
<h2>Present use</h2><br>
<p>In 2004 Monumental Church underwent a significant renovation, during which a monument to the 72 people killed in the fire was replaced by an exact replica. The bodies of the victims are still in a brick crypt below the church.</p><br>
<p>The documentary Saving Grace-Resurrecting American History, written and directed by Emmy winning writer/director Eric Futterman, follows the process of using laser scanning to recreate the monument in computers, then sending the data to Ireland, where stonecutters used both high tech computer equipment and old-fashioned stone-cutting to create a new 7,000 pound monument.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, regular tours began, in cooperation with the Valentine Richmond History Center&#39;s Court End Passport. The building is open on occasion for other private functions.</p><br>
<p>The Smallwood Reservoir is a large reservoir located in the western part of Labrador in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The reservoir is the source of the Churchill River. Unlike other reservoirs, water is contained not by a single large dam, but by a series of 88 dikes that total 64 km in length. It is named in honour of Joseph Roberts Smallwood.</p><br>
<p>Created by impounding the Churchill River, the Smallwood Reservoir, with an area of 6,527 km&sup2, is the largest body of freshwater in the province. It is at the head of the Churchill Falls hydroelectric project and is the second-largest reservoir in the world in terms of surface area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest evaluation of hydro potential of this vast reservoir was in 1942 when H.G. Acres Company carried out a study for the Aluminum Company of Canada (Alcan). Due to the remoteness of the site then, it was considered too expensive to build and deemed not viable.</p><br>
<p>With the development of technologies for transmission of electricity over long distances the project design to build the power development including the main dam and control structure and the many dykes began in July 1967 by Acres Canadian Bechtel of Churchill Falls, a joint venture formed by Canadian Bechtel and Acres Engineering, as part of the construction of the Churchill Falls Generating Station.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir is located on the Labrador Plateau, a saucer shaped plateau that ranged from 457 to 579 m above sea level. Before construction it was inundated with many bogs and small interconnected lakes. The three largest of these lakes were Ossokmanuan, Lobstick and Michikamau. Ossokmanuan became a reservoir for the Twin Falls power station.</p><br>
<p>The area was mostly drained by the Churchill River. At the edge of the plateau it dropped 66 m before the falls, a further 75 m at the falls and a further 158 m through the Bowdoin Canyon. It was named after Bowdoin College in Maine which sponsored an expedition in 1891 to visit the falls.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir requires 88 dykes to prevent overflow outside of the reservoir. The highest of these dykes is 36 m and the longest at 6 km. The two reservoirs require three control structures to regulate flow. The Gabbro Control Structure which regulated the Ossokmanuan reservoir, the Lobstick Control Structure that regulates the Smallwood reservoir and the Whitefish Control Structure for the forebay reservoirs. Both forebays are further regulated by spillways to prevent flooding.</p><br>
<p>The project took 9 years to complete from 1966 to 1974, with peak construction in 1970 when a total of 6,245 workers were stationed at the main camp and eleven satellite camps. The project was completed five months ahead of schedule.</p><br>
<p>Humboldt Street Historic District, or Humboldt Island, as it is affectionately referred to by those who reside there, sites as the western end of Cheesman Park in Denver, Colorado. It was the first residential district to be designated a historic district by the Denver Landmark Preservation Commission, and is a National Register district.</p><br>
<p>The original charm and character of this residential neighborhood are well preserved. The several architectural styles found in the area reflect turn-of-the-century trends, when solidarity and simplicity began to take precedence over the exuberance of the Victorian era.</p><br>
<p>The 26 homes in the district represent some of the finest work and craftsmanship, both interior and exterior, being done in Denver just before and after 1900. They were designed by Denver Architects - the same men who were responsible for many other fine landmarks throughout the city. The homes of Humboldt Island have been occupied by leaders in the fields of law, government, and industry since their construction.</p><br>
<p>The Chilkoot Lake, in the Tlingit Indians region of Alaska, is also spelt Chilcoot Lake. Its other local names are the Akha Lake and Tschilkut S, meaning “Chilkoot Lake”. It is in Haines Borough, Alaska. Chilkoot also means "big fish". The lake has a ‘Recreation Site’ at its southern end near the outlet to the Chilkoot River, which is set amidst the Sitka spruce trees. Chilkoot River flows from the lake for a short length and debouches into the Lutak Channel at the head of the Chilkoot inlet near Haines. Chilkoot village, a settlement of Chilkoot Indians existed at the outlet of the lake, which was called Tschilkut or Tananel or Chilcoot; the lake is named after this village. This village is now a camping area developed by the State Parks and Outdoor Recreation Division of the Alaska Department of Natural Resources. The lake is a popular location for Kayaking.</p><br>
<p>The Lake, approached from the park area, offers one of the best red salmon fishing locations in Southeast Alaska. Salmon fishing in the lake during the spawning period is done in four runs starting with mid-June and ending in mid-October when it is also the time for Bears to frequent the lake precincts to hunt for its favorite salmons.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Chilkoot Lake is marked on the quadrant map of the Skagway B 2 USGS in the Heines County at an altitude of 30 ft. The lake is in the upper part of the Chilkoot Watershed that spans 100 square miles of land 20 mi in length and 5 mi in width. The waters of the lake display turquoise color. The lake is surrounded by mountains and is glacial fed. The lake is deep water body with maximum depth of 300 ft. The 1,600 acre of land around the lake is mostly under the control of the State. The Upper reach of the river from its mouth at the lake up to the glacier head is about 16 mi and the land is with the State. The lake area is generally windy.</p><br>
<p>The Upper Chilkoot River originates from a glacier and flows in southeasterly direction for 16 mi. As a braided river, it has a bed slope of 1% in the first 5 mi stretch from the lake and about 2% in the balance reach of the river. The river is blocked with debris, rifles, log jams and boulders. Hence, the upper reach of the river is not navigable. The upstream reaches of the Chilkoot River and all other streams which flow into the lake are barred for fishing. Canoes are the best form of boating facility for fishing on the lake as the shore line is considered difficult.</p><br>
<p>The Lower reach of the Chilkoot River below the outlet from the Chilkoot Lake is about 1.5 mi long (a figure of 1 mi is also mentioned in some old records) up to Lutak Inlet, about 75 yard wide and2 ft deep on an average. It is navigable up to about 0.5 mi upstream of the Lutak Inlet extending to the fish and game weir site (established by the Department of Fish and Game to enumerate the fishes), when under the influence of tides. The river in its first 1/8 mi has formed a pool, and then flows through a number of rapids strewn with boulders in some stretches and the remaining part is flat but with rocky bed. The estimated average discharge in the river varies widely from a minimum of 59 cuft per second in February to a maximum of 2,490 cuft per second in August.</p><br>
<p>As the lake thaws during April and May, when fishing for Dolly Varden and sockeye salmon is common.</p><br>
<p>The lake and the recreation area on the southern shores of the lake are approached by road along the Lukat-Chilkot River Roads (also popularly known as Bear Highway as brown bears frequent this road in search of salmon) only up to the southern shores of the Lake. The lake is 10 mi away from the town of Heines.</p><br>
<p>However, building of any new or additional structures and/or road above the Chilkoot Lake has been banned to prevent any harmful effects that may be caused due to the road access, garbage and sewage disposal as that would jeopardize the sensitive salmon spawning grounds in the lake watershed. The Chilkoot Watershed Coalition monitors this closely to prevent any such development. A healthy upper watershed 5 by covers the Chilkoot Lake is considered essential to propagate sockeye, coho, hooligan, bears, moose and many other species of wild life.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>L’uknax Adi clan of Tlingit Indians, whose principal symbol is red salmon or sockeye, traditionally owned Chilkoot Lake and Chilkoot river, also called by the English names after their crest animal as Sockeye Clan, Coho Clan and Salmon Clan. Tlingit clans "historically owned areas of economic production that were most often also places of importance in the Spiritual geography of the region".</p><br>
<p>The history of the lake is directly linked to the Chilkoot village, where the Tlingits lived, after which the lake has been named. This village existed near the outlet of the Chilkoot Lake and was divided into two parts by the river; the western part was inhabited by Raven clan Tlingits while the Eagle Clan Tlingits lived on the eastern part. It was an important location for the southeast Alaskan Tlingits who reportedly settled here during pre-historic days when they subsisted on salmon and hooligan fishing; they used Hooligan fish to make fish oil, their cooking medium, by cooking the fishes in a canoe lined with hot rocks.</p><br>
<p>Chilkoot is derived from the Tlingit phrase chíl-li-koo-t, which means the storehouse is flooded. The name refers to the legendary destruction of a village named X’āastayeekwáan. The village is said to have been located near the head of the lower Chilkoot River. Part of a cliff named broke off and fell into Chilkoot Lake. This created a large wave that flooded the river, the village, and the village storehouse(s). Afterwards, a new village was established, named Lkoot. Its residents became known as Chilkoot. (The Léik’wk’ outcropping is visible in the upper right in the photos on this page that were taken from the Chilkoot Lake parking lot.)</p><br>
<p>The population of the village dwindled over the years from a figure of 127 people (1880 census), just to 2 houses with 7 people in June 1990 and was finally abandoned. Another factor for desertion of the village is attributed to the cannery industries that got established in the area for processing salmons that were fished from the lake and the river, in Haines and other places in the late 19th and early 20th century; the last Tlingit reportedly left the place in the early 1940s and most of the families now live in Haines. The fishing tools that the Tlingits used for fishing in the lake and the rivers in the past, which were mostly nets and gaff hooks, have also since been replaced with modern fishing rods and reels.</p><br>
<p>The biologists of Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) constructed a fish weir across the Lower Chilkoot River in 1976 to enumerate the movement of Sockeye fishes from the Chilkoot lake downstream.</p><br>
<p>The road from the Lutak Inlet to the outlet of the lake was extended and improved over a period from 1953 to 1956 by the Alaska Road Commission; the intended purpose was to have access to the recreation area, for quality fishing and access to small boats to the river shores for extracting timber from the area for commercial purposes.</p><br>
<p>The road on the upstream side of the lake called as Cox Road (named after a homestead owner in upper reach of the river) on the west side of the lake was built in later years in 1968.</p><br>
<p>Use of boats on the Chilkoot Lake and the river from the Tilgit village was in the form of canoes rowed to the “Glory Hole”, at the upper end of the lake for harvesting salmons and also for hunting wild life in the hills. However, in the mid 20th century boats were used on the lake to transport construction materials and jeep to the homestead built by Cox at the head of the lake. Now, commercial ships operate in the lake catering to tourism for fishing, sight seeing and for hunting expeditions. Commercial Kayak operations are also very popular.</p><br>
<p>A popular raft race, known as the “Mad Raft Race” is an annual feature in the Lower Chilkoot River from the Chilkoot Lake, which is held during 4 July celebrations. Home-made rafts are plied during the race due its light weight and ease of transportation across the fish weir on the river to continue with the race.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The aqua fauna found in the Chilkoot Lake moves down the Chilkoot River. These are mostly Sockeye Salmon or red salmon found in profusion. The lake proliferates in red fish in large numbers and are easily caught. In 1896, the fish run was so large that the cannery, which processed this fish variety had to put a ceiling on the number of fishes that they would accept from Indian fishermen at 100 per day. It has been reported that the Indians fish in the lake indiscriminately even in the spawning areas of the streams flowing into the lake and place traps (gill-net) under expert guidance for the purpose without observing the specified weekly norm for closing. According to the studies carried out by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, 25% spawn of sockeye is from the sensitive habitat of the upper watershed above the Chilkoot Lake. These studies also indicated that anadromous fish, coho, Dolly Varden, and an occasional chum salmon were found above the Chilkoot Lake in the spawning and rearing grounds.</p><br>
<p>The fauna found in abundance in the lake area, as one approaches along the Luktak Channel and the outlet stream from the lake, are Bald eagles, harbor seals, bears feeding on salmon and mountain goats on the hill slopes.</p><br>
<h2>Chilkoot Lake State Recreation Site</h2><br>
<p>The Chilkoot Lake State Recreation Site is set amidst Sitka trees at the head of the Chilkoot River on the southern shores of the Chilkoot Lake. It was established by the State Parks and Outdoor Recreation Division of the Alaska Department of Natural Resources. It is about 10 mi northeast of Haines on the Lutak and Chilkoot River roads, or 5 mi past the ferry terminal. The site is spread over an area of 80 acre and has camping grounds, picnic shelters and also a boat launching facility. The precincts of the lake and the river provide some of the best sites for salmon fishing during mid-June and ending in mid-October when large number of brown bears from the Tundra also frequent the river and the lake to capture their favorite food - the red salmon - and consequently the road here along the river is called the ‘bear highway’.</p><br>
<h2>Water sports</h2><br>
<p>Ice skating and Kayaking are popular water sports in the Lake.</p><br>
<p>Ice skating is a popular sport in the peak of winter in the Chilkoot Lake when it gets completely frozen. During winter the lake appears bowl-shaped and is surrounded by white, snow-covered mountains, tucked in a valley and is free from icy winds. The hardness of the ice in the lake is said to be “hard and shiny as a marble floor” and reflects the dark spruce trees and mountains. The ice skating in the lake is a quiet gliding experience of about 1 mi, and this experience is said to be totally unlike the skating at a rink. Apart from the lake road to the lake is also used for skiing.</p><br>
<p>Chilkoot Lake is considered a good water body for safe and peaceful kayaking, particularly for beginners in paddle kayaking (for learning the basic skills). The kayak launching post is the State Park at the southern end of the lake where facilities available are a ramp, floating dock, free parking grounds, picnic shelters and rest rooms. Kayaking offers good sights of wild life such as bald eagles and salmon spawning. Kayaking trip around the lake takes about 5 hours. Even though a USGS map is available as guide for kayakers, the small lake does not require any help of a map for navigation. The main security precaution to be observed by kayakers is not disturb the bears, which may be seen hunting for fish on the shore line.</p><br>
<p>Mission Bay is a saltwater bay or lagoon located south of the Pacific Beach community of San Diego, California. The bay is part of the recreational Mission Bay Park, the largest man-made aquatic park in the country, consisting of 4,235 acre, approximately 46% land and 54% water. The combined area makes Mission Bay Park the ninth largest municipally-owned park in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Wakeboarding, jet skiing, sailing, and camping are popular on the bay. With miles of light color sandy beaches and an equally long pedestrian path, it is equally suitable for cycling, jogging, roller skating and skateboarding, or sunbathing.</p><br>
<p>Mission Bay Yacht Club, on the west side of the bay, conducts sailing races year-round in the bay and the nearby Pacific Ocean and has produced national sailing champions in many classes.</p><br>
<p>Fiesta Island, a large peninsular park located within Mission Bay, is a popular location for charity walks and runs, bicycle races, time trials and other special events. It is also the home of the annual Over-the-line tournament.</p><br>
<p>Mission Bay is also host to the annual Bayfair Cup, which is a hydroplane boat race that takes place on the H1 Unlimited circuit.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mission Bay Park was originally a tidal marsh that was named “False Bay” by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo in 1542. It was developed into a recreational water park during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The San Diego River had historically shifted its terminus back and forth between San Diego Bay to the south and “False Bay” to the north. During the 1820s the river began to empty primarily into San Diego Bay, causing worries that the harbor might silt up. In 1852 the United States Army Corps of Engineers constructed a dike along the south side of the river to prevent water from flowing into San Diego Bay. This made “False Bay” an estuary outlet for the San Diego River drainage. Unfortunately the dike failed within two years. Finally in 1877 the city erected a permanent dam and straightened the river channel to the sea, giving the river its present configuration. Today the San Diego River is constrained on both the north and the south by levees (San Diego River Flood Control Channel), and it no longer drains to the ocean through Mission Bay, other than through a weir located at the entrance to Mission Bay.</p><br>
<p>During the late 1800s some recreational development began in “False Bay” including the building of hunting and fishing facilities. These facilities were destroyed by flooding that took place years later.</p><br>
<p>In 1944, a Chamber of Commerce committee recommended development of Mission Bay into a tourism and recreational center, in order to help diversify the City’s economy, which was largely military.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1940s, dredging and filling operations began converting the marsh into what today is Mission Bay Park. Twenty-five million cubic yards of sand and silt were dredged to create the varied land forms of the park, which now is almost entirely man-made.</p><br>
<p>The first modern swim/bike/run event to be called a triathlon was held at Mission Bay, San Diego, California on September 25, 1974. The race was conceived and directed by Jack Johnstone and Don Shanahan, members of the San Diego Track Club, and was sponsored by the track club. 46 participants entered this event. It was reportedly not inspired by the French events, although a race the following year at Fiesta Island, San Diego, California, is sometimes called the first triathlon in America.</p><br>
<p>Approximately one half of the park was once state tidelands. Mission Bay Park was transferred to the City of San Diego with several restrictions, some of which were adopted into San Diego City Charter by public vote, with others implemented as part of the California Coastal Commission’s oversight of local planning and land use decisions. One of the restrictions sets a limit on commercial development of leaseholds, so that no more than 25% of the land area and 6.5% of the water area can be used for private purposes. This assures that most of the acres making up Mission Bay Park are available for public recreational use.</p><br>
<h3>Landfill</h3><br>
<p>From 1957 to 1962 large amounts of industrial waste, including millions of gallons of hydrofluoric, nitric, sulfuric, and hydrochloric acids, dichromate, cyanide, and carbon tetrachloride, were deposited into an unlined landfill located in the south shores section of Mission Bay Park immediately east of SeaWorld. No remediation efforts have occurred.</p><br>
<h2>In the water</h2><br>
<p>Mission Bay has 27 mi of shoreline, 19 of which are sandy beaches with eight locations designated as official swimming areas. Mission Bay is recognized for protection by the California Bays and Estuaries Policy.</p><br>
<p>Swimmers and sunbathers take advantage of the warm water, calm surf conditions and the sands of Mission Bay’s beaches. Mission Bay offers boat docks and launching facilities, sailboat and motor rentals, bike/walk paths and basketball courts. There are playgrounds for children. Public restrooms and showers are available, and lifeguard stations are located in designated areas.</p><br>
<p>On the east side of the bay is a network of channels and islands which are used by wind surfers and water skiers.</p><br>
<p>Several of the water areas are dedicated or restricted to particular forms of water recreation, with specific separate areas for sailing, water skiing and personal watercraft use.</p><br>
<p>Mission Bay is one of the premier locations in Southern California for the sport of rowing, or "crew." One of the largest rowing regattas in the country is held on Mission Bay each year: The San Diego Crew Classic is held in Mission Bay every spring, featuring two days of competition in eight-oared shells rowed by more than 100 college, club, and senior crews.</p><br>
<p>Rose Creek flows into Mission Bay from the north, creating a rich wetland area called the Kendall Frost Marsh.</p><br>
<h2>On land</h2><br>
<p>Attractions at Mission Bay include SeaWorld, Aqua Adventures for kayaking and paddleboarding, Mission Bay Golf Course, and Belmont Park, which features the Giant Dipper Roller Coaster and other rides.</p><br>
<p>On shore there are activities such as golfing, picnicking, riding a bike along the paths, playing volleyball, or flying a kite.</p><br>
<p>There are nearly 14 mi of bike paths along Mission Bay.</p><br>
<h3>Visitor's center</h3><br>
<p>The San Diego Visitor Information Center was constructed in northeastern Mission Bay in the 1960s, and it served its purpose until it closed down in 2010. There are now plans to convert the building into a counter-style fast-casual restaurant, scheduled to be opened in late 2018.</p><br>
<h3>Golfing</h3><br>
<p>Scenic Mission Bay Golf Course and Practice Center, designed by Ted Robinson, former president of the American Society of Golf Course Architects, proudly opened its gates May 27, 1955 as a nine-hole course. In the early 1960s Robinson designed what is now the 18-hole executive course. The 18-hole executive course, measuring 2,719 yards, sits on 46 acres in the heart of the City. It is the only golf course in San Diego with night lighting.</p><br>
<p>Mission Bay Golf Course and Practice Center has been a long time favorite golf course for locals. It is where Tiger Woods won a Junior World title.</p><br>
<h3>Dog Walking</h3><br>
<p>Some areas in Mission Bay Park require dogs to be on leashes, other areas such as Fiesta Island are leash free, and still other areas do not allow dogs at all.</p><br>
<h3>Camping</h3><br>
<p>There is a youth campground located on Mission Bay’s Fiesta Island. Throughout the year youth groups with their leaders enjoy a full camping experience along with daytime water experiences and classes. A permit is required to use this site. It is unlawful for adults to camp, sleep overnight or lodge overnight anywhere in Mission Bay Park except as a leader of a permitted youth group.</p><br>
<h3>Fishing</h3><br>
<p>Fishing is permitted in all areas of Mission Bay, except in areas designated for swimming, water skiing and personal water craft use (including take off and landing zones). Fishing is also not allowed from any bridge. There are many species available including Cilus gilberti, Spotted bass, halibut, and others. Both traditional angling gear such as baitcaster and spinning tackle is used. A large quantity of fisherman now pursue the available species via fly fishing. A local club and fly shop specifically targets stretches of the bay through this manner. Additionally netting of several bait species near bridges is down by locals. The fishery has heavy pollution, especially near the back bay and eating of catch is not advised</p><br>
<h3>Birds</h3><br>
<p>Mission Bay Park is home to many rare & endangered species, including the California Least Tern. Now in its thirteenth year, a program goes into effect every April through August to protect the endangered California least tern at four of its nesting sites in Mission Bay Park. The California Least Tern has more than tripled since it was put on the endangered species list, and has many colonies from San Diego Bay to the San Francisco Bay area. Most are fenced and protected from public access. The major cause for its decline was habitat destruction/alteration, as occurred in Mission Bay. Predators like a Gull-billed Tern, or a red fox on the colony can decimate a crop of chicks, and therefore, predator control, either by removal or elimination, has been instigated at some colonies. Non-endemic ants are a problem at some Mission Bay colonies, eating chicks alive, and are often controlled there. But, even with annual losses from depredation, ever since the Least Tern was listed, it has continued to thrive. Being on the Endangered Species list allowed protection of the terns&#39; habitat, and allowed the natural rebound and growth of the colonies. Colonies at Mission Bay are either fenced or reachable only by watercraft.</p><br>
<p>In a multi-agency effort that includes the City of San Diego Park and Recreation Department, the USA Department of Fish and Wildlife Service, the California Department of Fish and Game and the Wildlife Services Program of the USA Department of Agriculture, professionals from the wildlife program carry out the humane trapping of predators that are attracted to the Least Tern nesting sites. This includes skunks and opossums, as well as feral cats and dogs, believed to be former pets who were abandoned by their owners. Sites are located on North Fiesta Island, Mariner’s Point, Stoney Point, and a small island called “Government Island” used by the Federal Aviation Agency and houses a VORTAC station.</p><br>
<p>The Woodlands is a National Historic Landmark District on the west bank of the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia. It includes a Federal-style mansion, a matching carriage house and stable, and a garden landscape that in 1840 was transformed into a Victorian rural cemetery with an arboretum of over 1,000 trees. More than 30,000 people are buried at the cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Hamilton estate (1735–1840)</h2><br>
<p>The land that would become The Woodlands was originally a 250 acre tract in Blockley Township on the west bank of the Schuylkill River. It was purchased in 1735 by the famous Philadelphia lawyer Andrew Hamilton.</p><br>
<p>When Hamilton died in 1741, he willed his lands to his son, also named Andrew. The son survived his father by only six years, but in that time built up his landholdings enough to leave a 300 acre estate to his own son, William Hamilton (1745–1813), who acquired it at the age of twenty-one. William built a Georgian-style mansion with a grand, two-storied portico overlooking the river above Gray&#39;s Ferry. Following a trip to England after the American Revolution, Hamilton doubled the size of the dwelling, creating a 16-room manor with kitchens and service rooms in a windowed ground floor. The rebuilt Woodlands mansion became one of the greatest domestic American architectural achievements of the 18th century, recognized as a leading example of English taste and presaging architectural trends in the following century.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton was an active botanist, and his estate and greenhouses grew to contain more than 10,000 species of plants, including the first specimens introduced into America of the Ginkgo biloba, Paper Mulberry, Sycamore Maple, Ailanthus, Caucasian Zelkova, and Lombardy Poplar as well as plants grown from seeds harvested during Lewis and Clark’s expeditions, especially the Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera). Hamilton also collected and exchanged numerous native plants with his friends and neighbors, the Bartram family of botanists from nearby Bartram&#39;s Garden.</p><br>
<p>At one time, the estate covered 600 acre and stretched from the Schuylkill River to what is now Market Street on the north and 42nd Street on the west and incorporated Hamilton Village.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery (1840–1960)</h2><br>
<p>After Hamilton died in 1813, his heirs sold off much of the Woodlands estate for institutional and residential development. By the first quarter of the 19th century, the West Philadelphia district was becoming a fashionable suburb. In order to save the core of Hamilton&#39;s estate, in 1840,</p><br>
<p>As with its rival to the north, Laurel Hill Cemetery, trustees of the Woodlands spurred the cemeterys early growth by interring the remains of a celebrity: Commodore David Porter. His remains, originally buried at the Philadelphia Naval Asylum cemetery, were reburied at Woodlands in 1845. By mid-century, The Woodlands was thriving and attracted many of Philadelphias renowned industrialists, medical professionals, artists, writers, and veterans.</p><br>
<p>In 1853, the land along the river was sold to the West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad, which built a rail line along it. Over the next century, other railroads, particularly the Pennsylvania Railroad, added tracks. (Today, eight tracks run along former Woodlands land, serving Amtrak passenger trains, Conrail freight, and the SEPTA Airport and Media commuter lines.)</p><br>
<h2>Modern use (1960-)</h2><br>
<p>The Woodlands estate was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1967. In 2006, the cemetery and other structures on the site were added to form a National Historic Landmark District.</p><br>
<p>Today, The Woodlands Cemetery Company of Philadelphia exists as a non-profit cemetery corporation that promotes both traditional and current burial practices on its 54 acre of land in University City. The company is supported by The Woodlands Trust for Historic Preservation, a non-profit corporation, dedicated to the preservation and promotion of the cemetery, mansion, and arboretum as a cultural landscape between the University of Pennsylvania and the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>The pathways and avenues of the cemetery and mansion make up the Woodlands Heritage National Recreation Trail, part of the National Recreation Trail program. The cemetery includes a looped road system emanating from a central paved circle with infrequent motor vehicle traffic, making the grounds a safe and quiet place for biking, running and walking. There is also an unpaved path that encircles the perimeter of the grounds that is a popular circuit for University City dog-walkers and runners. Leashed dogs are permitted on the grounds, which are free and open to the public from dawn to dusk. The cemetery also hosts a community garden and apiary.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>John Joseph Abercrombie (1798–1877), Civil War general</p><br>
<p>Timothy Shay Arthur (1809–1885), author, founder of Arthur&#39;s Home Magazine</p><br>
<p>Hartman Bache (1798–1872), Civil War Union brevet brigadier general</p><br>
<p>Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle, Sr. (1875–1948), author, adventurer, the man upon whom the play and film The Happiest Millionaire were based</p><br>
<p>Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle, Jr. (1897–1961), diplomat (cenotaph)</p><br>
<p>David B. Birney (1825–1864), Civil War Union major general</p><br>
<p>Sylvester Bonnaffon, Jr. (1844–1922), Civil War Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Harris Brewster (1816–1888), presidential cabinet secretary</p><br>
<p>Henry Grier Bryant (1859–1932), explorer</p><br>
<p>William Bucknell (1811-1890), financier, philanthropist, benefactor to Bucknell University</p><br>
<p>William Christian Bullitt (1891–1967), diplomat, journalist, and novelist</p><br>
<p>James Hepburn Campbell (1820–1895), USA congressman</p><br>
<p>Joseph A. Campbell (1817–1900), businessman, founder of Campbell Soup Company</p><br>
<p>Edward Coles (1786–1868), 2nd governor of Illinois, private secretary to Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison</p><br>
<p>Elliott Cresson (1796–1854), philanthropist</p><br>
<p>Paul Philippe Cret (1876–1945), architect, designed the Woodlands&#39; main gate</p><br>
<p>Thomas Cripps (1840–1906), Civil War Medal of Honor recipient</p><br>
<p>George H. Crosman (1799–1882), Civil War brevet major general</p><br>
<p>Jacob Mendes Da Costa (1833–1900), surgeon</p><br>
<p>Francis Martin Drexel (1792–1863), Philadelphia banker, progenitor of the Drexel banking dynasty</p><br>
<p>Anthony Joseph Drexel (1826–1893), founder of Drexel University</p><br>
<p>Joseph William Drexel (1833–1888), banker, trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the USA National Academy of Sciences, and director of the Metropolitan Opera house</p><br>
<p>Francis Anthony Drexel (1824–1885), banker, father of Saint Katharine Drexel</p><br>
<p>Susan Eakins (1851–1938), artist, wife of Thomas Eakins</p><br>
<p>Thomas Eakins (1844–1916), artist</p><br>
<p>John Ely (1816–1869), Civil War Union brevet major general</p><br>
<p>Thomas W. Evans (1823–1897), dentist</p><br>
<p>Wilson Eyre (1858–1944), architect</p><br>
<p>Clement Finley (1797–1879), Civil War Union brevet brigadier general</p><br>
<p>Alice Fisher (1839–1888), nursing pioneer at the former Philadelphia General Hospital</p><br>
<p>Sidney George Fisher (1809–1871) lawyer, farmer, political essayist</p><br>
<p>John Fraser (1825–1906), architect</p><br>
<p>Samuel David Gross (1805–1884), medical pioneer</p><br>
<p>James Gwyn (1828–1906), Civil War Union brevet major-general</p><br>
<p>Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden (1829–1887), geologist</p><br>
<p>Charles Herring (1829–1889), Civil War Union brevet brigadier general</p><br>
<p>Edward W. Heston (1745–1824), PA state senator and Revolutionary War colonel, founder and namesake of Hestonville</p><br>
<p>Eliza Hewitt (1851–1920), hymn composer</p><br>
<p>Henry Horn (1786–1862), USA congressman</p><br>
<p>Charles Jared Ingersoll (1782–1862), USA congressman</p><br>
<p>William Williams Keen (1837–1932), first USA brain surgeon</p><br>
<p>John Lane (1831–1903), Civil War Union brevet brigadier general</p><br>
<p>Ellis Lewis (1798&ndash;1871), Pennsylvania Chief Justice</p><br>
<p>James Barton Longacre (1794–1869), engraver</p><br>
<p>Silas Weir Mitchell (1829–1914), physician and writer</p><br>
<p>Samuel Moore (1774–1861), USA congressman</p><br>
<p>Anna Claypoole Peale (1791–1878), American miniature painter, daughter of James Peale</p><br>
<p>Rembrandt Peale (1778–1860), artist</p><br>
<p>Jane Piper (1916-1991), artist</p><br>
<p>Eli Kirk Price (1797–1884), lawyer, state senator</p><br>
<p>Eli Kirk Price II (1860–1933), lawyer, art patron</p><br>
<p>Lewis Redner (1831–1908), organist, composer, wrote the music for Phillips Brooks&#39;s poem "O Little Town of Bethlehem"</p><br>
<p>William Rush (1756–1833), sculptor</p><br>
<p>John Scott (1824–1896), USA senator</p><br>
<p>Thomas Alexander Scott (1823–1881), president of the Pennsylvania Railroad</p><br>
<p>Jessie Willcox Smith (1863–1935), illustrator</p><br>
<p>Charles Stewart (1778–1869), naval officer</p><br>
<p>Frank R. Stockton (1834–1902), author of "The Lady or the Tiger?" and other tales</p><br>
<p>Edward T. Stotesbury (1849–1938), prominent partner at J.P. Morgan & Co. and its Philadelphia affiliate Drexel & Co. for over 55 years</p><br>
<p>William Moseley Swain (1809–1868), journalist</p><br>
<p>James Thompson (1806–1874), USA congressman</p><br>
<p>John Edgar Thomson (1808–1874), civil engineer, railroad executive and industrialist</p><br>
<p>Ida Waugh (1846-1919), illustrator, and her father Samuel Waugh (1814-1885), 19th-century American portrait, landscape, and moving panorama painter. His portrait subjects included President Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant.</p><br>
<p>Rufus Welch (1800–1855), circus impresario</p><br>
<p>Asa Whitney (1797–1872), railroad magnate</p><br>
<p>Alan Wood, Jr., USA congressman</p><br>
<p>Horatio Curtis Wood (1841–1920), physician</p><br>
<p>Mount Yasur is a volcano on Tanna Island, Vanuatu, 361 m high above sea level, on the coast near Sulphur Bay, southeast of the taller Mount Tukosmera, which was active in the Pleistocene. It has a largely unvegetated pyroclastic cone with a nearly circular summit crater 400 m in diameter. It is a stratovolcano, caused by the eastward-moving Indo-Australian Plate being subducted under the westward-moving Pacific Plate. It has been erupting nearly continuously for several hundred years, although it can usually be approached safely. Its eruptions, which often occur several times an hour, are classified as Strombolian or Vulcanian.</p><br>
<p>The glow of the volcano was apparently what attracted Captain James Cook on the first European journey to the island in 1774. Today the mountain is a sacred area for the John Frum cargo cult. Members of the cult revere John Frum, a deified messenger who foretold the bringing of wealth to the island by American forces, and believe he resides in Mount Yasur with his countrymen. The village of Sulphur Bay, the center of the movement, claims the volcano as part of their territory.</p><br>
<h2>Access restrictions</h2><br>
<p>Mount Yasur is an easily accessible active volcano, and is a major Vanuatu tourist attraction. The Vanuatu Government monitors the level of volcanic activity in the interests of the public, both tourists and locals alike. This monitoring is carried out by the Vanuatu Geo-Hazards Observatory.</p><br>
<p>The importance of the volcano to Tannas tourism industry has resulted in the local government creating levels to restrict peoples access. These levels range from 0-4 as follows:</p><br>
<p>Level 0 - Low activity, access to the crater allowed</p><br>
<p>Level 1 - Normal activity, access to the crater allowed</p><br>
<p>Level 2 - Moderate to high activity, lava bombs may land beyond the crater rim, access to the crater is closed</p><br>
<p>Level 3 - Severe activity with loud explosions, lava bombs ejected up to hundreds of metres outside the crater and large plumes of smoke and ash, access to the summit zone is closed</p><br>
<p>Level 4 - Major eruption affecting large areas around the volcano and possibly other parts of Tanna and even neighbouring islands, all access closed.</p><br>
<p>Taftan  is an active stratovolcano in south-eastern Iran situated in the Sistan and Baluchestan province. With variable heights reported, all around 4,000 metres  above sea level, it is the highest mountain in south-eastern Iran. The nearest city is Khash.</p><br>
<p>Taftan has two main summits, Narkuh and Materkuh, and various heights have been reported for both summits. The northwestern Narkuh has two craters and is the older of the two summits. The southeastern Materkuh summit is surrounded by fresh-looking lava flows and has at least three craters. The principal rock at Taftan is andesite.</p><br>
<p>Reports of historical volcanic activity are unclear and the youngest radiometric dates are 0.71 ± 0.03 mya. Currently, the volcano features vigorous fumarolic activity that is visible from a great distance and involves numerous vents on Materkuh. Taftan appears to be part of a geothermal area, and a number of hot springs can be found around the volcano.</p><br>
<p>Taftan is part of a volcanic arc in Iran, together with Bazman, also in Iran, and Koh-i-Sultan in Pakistan. This volcanic arc has formed on Cretaceous-Eocene sedimentary layers and has resulted from the subduction of the oceanic Arabian plate beneath Iran at the Makran trench.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and Geology</h2><br>
<p>Taftan is in Irans Sistan and Balochistan province. Cities close to Taftan include Khash 45 km south and Zahedan 100 km north. In 1844, Abdul-Nabi reported of the existence of the mountain, as well as its volcanic activity. In 1971, it was reported that some Beluch tribes camp on Taftans slopes during the non-winter seasons.</p><br>
<h3>Regional setting</h3><br>
<p>Volcanic activity has occurred in parts of Iran since the Cretaceous period. During the Eocene and Oligocene epochs, volcanic activity reached its maximum, with thick pyroclastic layers being deposited in central Iran and the Alborz mountains. The area around Taftan volcano belongs to a tectonic zone which is variously referred to as the Sistan suture or the Zabul-Baloch zone. There, after a previous episode of rifting and subsequent formation of an ocean, the Neh and Lut tectonic blocks collided during the Eocene epoch after a subduction episode that commenced in the Maastrichtian age.</p><br>
<p>Volcanic activity at Taftan itself appears to relate to the subduction of the Arabian plate beneath the Central Iran plate, occurring at a pace of 3.5 - at the Makran trench. This subduction is also responsible for volcanism at Bazman in Iran and Koh-i-Sultan in Pakistan; this chain is known as the Baluchistan volcanic arc. The volcanism appears to not align with pre-existent structural trends in the basement. This subduction has also created an accretionary wedge that forms the Makran region.</p><br>
<p>The convergence of the two blocks continued even after their collision, generating strike-slip faults. The Saravan fault east of Taftan is one such fault; the 2013 Saravan earthquake occurred on this fault. From some of these faults it has been inferred that the mass load from the Taftan edifice has measurable effects on tectonic stress within the region.</p><br>
<h3>Local setting</h3><br>
<p>Taftan is the highest mountain in southeast Iran. The topography is overall steep. Deep valleys with U and V shapes have developed on Taftan, and the volcano has a strongly eroded appearance. One of these valleys, Tamindan, may be the Damindan valley in the Avesta religious texts. One series of ignimbrites surrounding Taftan which reaches thicknesses of 50 m may be 2 million years old.</p><br>
<p>The basement of Taftan is formed by various sedimentary rocks, along with some mafic volcanic rocks and metamorphic rocks. At Taftan, the Nehbandan-Khash flysch borders the Makran zone. The oldest rocks are limestones from the Cretaceous period. The crust beneath Taftan is approximately 60 km thick. The main edifice is constructed on top of the Eocene flysch, although some Cretaceous sediments are also part of the basement. Much of these rocks is coloured pink by haematite. The 19 mya old Mirabad granite pluton may be associated with Taftan; it could be the remnant of a Miocene volcano. Volcanic rocks of Quaternary age are widespread in the area.</p><br>
<p>Taftan is a volcano with several summits; the highest two are separated by a saddle and are named Narkuh or Narkooh and Materkuh or Madekooh, which are 2 km apart. Narkuh is 4,100 m high and Materkuh 3,950 m. There are different heights reported for the summits, some of them placing Materkuh as the higher of the two: for example more recent Iranian maps cited in 2004 show Narkuh with a height of 3,840 m and Materkuh with a height of 3,940 m, while Gansser in 1964 indicated a summit height of 4,050 m. Another report from 1931 claimed a summit height of 13,034 ft, a report in 1976 stated 4,032 m, and a map in 2004 claimed a measurement of 4,061 m. These summits rise 2,000 m above the surrounding plains.</p><br>
<p>Narkuh has two craters, the northern of which is lower and is the source of more lava flows than the southern. The northwest Narkuh cone from the Pleistocene age is highly eroded, while the southeastern Materkuh cone has fresh appearing lava flows and displays solfataric activity. Materkuh has three principal craters, although the eastern side of the eastern crater has also been affected by erosion. Alternatively, an explosive eruption removed the eastern side and generated a steep ravine. The northern crater has been the source of lava flows, some of which are well preserved and reach lengths of 12 km. In general, thick andesitic lava flows cover Materkuh. In 1893 and 1914, Percy Sykes described a summit plateau with a surface of 400 yd, at the side of which lay the two summits Ziaret Kuh ("Hill of Sacrifice", where pilgrims sacrificed goats) and Madar Kuh ("Mother Hill", containing fumaroles according to the 1893 report). Fumarolic alteration of the summit area has generated sulfur and clay deposits which resemble snowcap. One report in 1893 indicated that the summit area of the volcano was covered with ash from 11,000 ft upwards.</p><br>
<p>The bulk of the volcano is formed by lava flows, along with volcaniclastic rocks, with dacites and pyroclastics lying on top of the Cretaceous-Eocene basement. These loose rocks formed by erosion, explosive activity and hot avalanches and are deposited in a large apron at the base of the volcano that extends over 30 km away from the central vents. Several fans of pyroclastic material, cemented by andesitic tuffs, surround the base of Taftan. Ignimbrites and pyroclastic flows are also present, including breccias, nuee ardentes and tuffs. Volcanic rocks cover a surface of 1,050 km&sup2;. There is also evidence of southeastern migration of the craters of Taftan, with Anjerk and Sardarya being more westerly vents. These preceding centres have left andesitic lava flows that are partially dissected and agglomerates. The existence of a caldera at Taftan has been inferred. The table mountain Takht-i-Rostam 25 km south of Taftan may be the remnant of a basalt extrusion, but it doesn&#39;t appear to be related to Taftan. A magma chamber may lie beneath the volcano.</p><br>
<h3>Composition</h3><br>
<p>Taftan has erupted lavas ranging from basaltic andesite to dacite. The dominant rock is andesite, with content ranging from 49.8 to 63.5%. Grey andesites form the youngest rocks on the main summit and contain chlorite schist and biotite gneiss inclusions. The andesites are vesicular. The magma of Taftan volcano is very oxidized, as can be inferred from the composition of the surrounding ignimbrite and fumarole gases.</p><br>
<p>The lavas of Taftan are porphyritic. Mineral components include biotite, clinopyroxene, hornblende, orthopyroxene, plagioclase and quartz. Other components are chalcopyrite, haematite, ilmenite, magnetite and pyrite. Complex phenocryst assemblages found in a sample indicate that the magma formation is a complex process. Taftan rocks overall are -rich calc-alkaline, of sub–alkaline affinity. The magma that formed these rocks was influenced by crystal fractionation and mixing processes. Its composition has characteristics of volcanic arc magmas. Crustal materials were involved in the formation of the magma, with isotope data indicating crustal assimilation.</p><br>
<p>Fumarolic activity affects surrounding rocks and pyroclastics. Carbonates, opal, and white covers of possibly aluminum sulfate and calcium sulfate have been formed. Gypsum formed from the sulfur of the volcano is found in the form of crystals in the upper valleys of Taftan. Sinter and hydrothermally altered rocks are found farther down. Minerals formed by alteration processes include alunite, calcite, cristobalite, illite, jarosite, kaolinite, pyrophyllite, quartz, smectite, sulfur and tridymite. Some epithermal mineralizations have been identified around Taftan. Other secondary factors at Taftan include lahars.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate at Taftan features cold winters accompanied by snowfall when temperatures drop below freezing between December and February, and hot summers with temperatures during July and August exceeding 30 &deg;C. Taftan is located in an arid locale but has more precipitation than the surrounding area, thus providing water to the surrounding terrain. Average precipitation is 150 mm per year.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>About five different active eruption periods have been discovered at Taftan volcano. Activity first involved lava and pyroclastics of dacitic to rhyodacitic composition. Later, upper Pliocene lavas were erupted along with agglomerates. These can be found up to 10 km away from the cone. Three phases have been dated at 6.95 ± 0.72, 6.01 ± 0.15 and 0.71 ± 0.03 million years ago. Research published in 1897 indicated the absence of very fresh lava flows but the authors inferred from the fresh ash that volcanic activity had occurred during the present geological epoch. That the name "Taftan" may be derived from an ancient Iranian word "taft" for "semi solid liquid material" could indicate that effusive activity was witnessed by the people of that time period around the volcano.</p><br>
<p>Eruptions are recorded in 1902, 1970 and 1993. A report of smoke emission in 1877 may have confused clouds for volcanic activity. In 1914, the volcano was described to be "belching out clouds of smoke", although a report in 1971 indicated the absence of historical activity. These eruptions were accompanied by earthquake activity. During the eruption of 1902, heavy smoke and a night time glow on the volcano were observed. The eruption in 1993 involved a 60 m long lava flow, but it may have been a flow of molten sulfur. The volcano is currently classified as a dormant volcano. Satellite imagery indicates, however, that ground deformation occurs at Taftan.</p><br>
<h3>Fumarolic and geothermal activity</h3><br>
<p>Taftan displays vigorous fumarolic activity, with high temperature vents found around the crater. Fumaroles are found chiefly in the eastern and at the edge of the western crater, with minor fumaroles within the western crater, along some minor craters and along the major lava flow. These gas exhalations are known as "Dood" by local peoples and they appear as yellow-white clouds with a strong smell. The vents they come from have the shape of fissures, cracks and crevices. The larger fumaroles can reach diameters of 1 m. The occurrence of hydrothermal explosions has been inferred from the presence of breccia made up by volcanic rocks.</p><br>
<p>Reportedly in 1897 the smell of the fumaroles was so strong as to be unbearable when one was close to the vents. One report mentioned in a magazine of 1899 indicated the presence of seven steam vents at an altitude of 12,000 ft, produced audible noise. Their steam plumes were visible at distances of 10 -; later reporting indicated visibility to distances of 100 km. Another report in 1999 found a 1.5 x solfatara surrounded by clay and sulfur deposits that looked like a snowcap. A fumarole field was described on the west side of the southeast cone, the venting clearly visible from a refuge farther down the mountain and covering a surface area of 10 m&sup2;. The name "Taftan" is derived from these exhalations, which make the mountain appear to be burning.</p><br>
<p>The overall gas composition found at Taftan includes, and water. Sulfur is present in high quantities in fumarolic gases, which also contain arsenic. These gases are hence extremely acidic. The fumaroles have altered rocks, forming highly colourful exposures especially on Taftan&#39;s eastern flank. Ammonium chloride (salmiak) and sulfur has been collected around fumaroles. The thick sulfur layers on the southeastern summit were formerly extracted for use in Iran and Pakistan. Sulfur and sulfate deposits are also found lower on the volcano, from hot springs around Gooshe, at Sangān and Torshāb.</p><br>
<p>Hot springs are also found at Taftan, especially at over 3,000 m altitude. An analysis of five springs in May 2012 indicated temperatures of 11 - and flow rates of 0.5 -. The waters are very acidic due to the formation of from magmatic gases, including the oxidation of. The hot waters around Taftan contain large quantities of boron, probably because the hydrothermal system of Taftan is young and receives input of host rocks containing. They are influenced by the fumarolic gases, as well as by volcanic rock composition. Some of the water in the area is juvenile, with magmatic water forming up to 20% of the water. Temperatures in the hydrothermal system are estimated to be between 104 - and 75 -. The composition of the water in various springs around Taftan varies in terms of elemental composition, probably reflecting the mixing between volcanic and meteoric waters and interaction with host rocks and brines. The geothermal area of Taftan is among the largest in the Makran zone of Iran; it covers a surface area of 4,310 km&sup2;. Other geothermal manifestations in southeastern Iran have been found at Bazman. Mud pools are also found at Taftan. Probably due to decreased precipitation, before 2002 a trend to increased steam and decreased water release has been observed, especially in the upper part of the geothermal system.</p><br>
<p>Hot springs and other geothermal manifestations are widespread in Iran and using them to gain geothermal energy has been studied; according to a report of 2002 hot springs at that time were mainly used for therapeutic purposes and bathing. A report in 2002 indicated that Taftan may be a feasible place to install a binary cycle power plant at Taftan.</p><br>
<p>Cerro de la Estrella is a mesoamerican archaeological site located in southeastern Central Mexico&#39;s Valley of Mexico, in the Iztapalapa delegación  of the Mexican Federal District at an elevation of 2460 meters  above sea level, hence its Summit is 224 m over the Valley of Mexico level. At the southeast edge of what was the Great Texcoco Lake.</p><br>
<p>Historical sources establish that ancient inhabitants of the Mexican Plateau knew this place as Huizachtecatl. The site was very important since the “New Fire” ritual ceremony was performed here; it had a profound meaning for the population here and in surrounding regions.</p><br>
<h2>Occupation stages</h2><br>
<p>The oldest traces of human occupation in the Iztapalapa territory originated at Santa María Aztahuacan village. In 1953 remains of two individuals were found and, according to analysis performed by National University of Mexico (UNAM) and by Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, these human remains are approximately nine thousand years old.</p><br>
<p>More recent archaeological materials indicate continued occupation of the Cerro de la Estrella slopes, at least from the Preclassical period. At that time, a village related to the Cuicuilco culture was established here. Cuicuilco, in the South of the Valley of Mexico, declined approximately in 8th century CE possibly due to the eruption of the Xitle volcano.</p><br>
<p>Towards the end of the Preclassical period commenced occupation by Culhuacán. During the classical period, Culhuacán, as most cities in the Valley of Mexico and Mesoamerica, was part of a trade system centered in Teotihuacan. After the fall of this city, approximately in the 8th century d. C., some of its inhabitants took refuge in the ancient coastal towns of Texcoco Lake such as Culhuacán. A cultural Teotihuacan haven remained there, later merged with warrior peoples, migrating towards the center of México.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations reveal indications of constructions built as early as 100 to 650 AD, and it was inhabited from the mid preclassical period (1000 AD) up to the Spaniards arrival. First settlers of the site used the Huizachtecatl slopes, where villages were founded; they had early farming systems and had a rudimentary social organization. It is believed that these groups made the stone glyphs found in the place known as “Cerro Chiquito” or small hill.</p><br>
<p>Ceramic and stone sculpture materials were discovered in the west side of Huizachtecatl, apparently made within the 100 to 500 years AD; these resemble other similar pieces found in Zacatenco, north of México City. The constructions here were built between the year 100 and 650 AD and are located in the North side, the remains consist of foundations and walls of palaces that indicate Teotihuacán’s influence.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological evidence reveals the existence of a housing zone in the middle of the hill, built during the late Classic period (600 to 900 AD). At that time numerous civil type structures were constructed because of the increased population. Unfortunately, remains are lost under present constructions.</p><br>
<p>Sahagún, Motolinia, Torquemada and the Cuautitlán Annals, among other sources, indicate that between the period 900 to 1300 AD, the chichimeca were based in the west side of the hill, where they founded the town of Colhuacan. These settlers achieved important technological and social development; apparently a theocratic system prevailed and later by a dynasty of kings. Between years 1300 and 1521 AD, the mexicas invaded the area, and to control their people, they founded the town of Ixtapalapa that together with Colhuacan, served to protect the south of the great Tenochtitlan and to provide staples to the larger city. It is known that at that time the platforms the top of the hill were constructed.</p><br>
<h2>New Fire ceremony</h2><br>
<p>The Mexicans conceived the universe as a four petal great flower of, at the center of which was the great Tenochtitlan. Each petal represented one of the four cardinal points; the region to the east was symbolized by the acatl glyph (cane), the west by calli (house), the north by tecpatl (flint stone knife) and the south by tochitl (rabbit). As an inherited Toltec tradition, they worshiped the Sun, deity that governed life of all beings and thought that human hearts were required to please him in addition to the blood on prisoner soldiers.</p><br>
<p>For that reason, every 52 years, when the beginning of the calendars (Civil and Religious) coincided, the sacerdotal class performed the New Fire ceremony, to prevent the Sun’s death, as they thought, would cause total darkness of the universe, allowing the sprouting of tsitsimeme, entities that ate human beings.</p><br>
<p>At dusk of the great day the main priests wore their best clothes and headed by the priest of Copilco, went to the top of Huizachtecatl to initiate the ceremony. Previously, a prisoner was placed in the main temple altar, and when the time came, a log or mamahuastli was placed on his chest and set on fire to ignite the New Fire; meanwhile, the great Tenochtitlan and towns surrounding the great lake remained in complete darkness. The Copilco priest took the fire from the chest and transmitted it to a bonfire. Later the prisoner was sacrificed, his heart extracted and thrown into the flames. There were messengers responsible to deliver torches lit with the New Fire to priests of towns that had attended the ceremony at Huizachtecatl.</p><br>
<p>At the great Tenochtitlan the fire was placed before the main deity, from where it was taken to other Gods temples, and from there to people’s quarters.</p><br>
<p>Based on archeological investigations, Colhuas were the first to use the top of the hill for the New Fire or Toxiuhmopolli ceremony; historical sources indicate that four such ceremonies took place; in 1351, 1403, 1455 and 1507. The great Tenochtitlan was conquered before the fifth ceremony could take place.</p><br>
<p>Mount Huntington is a striking rock and ice pyramid in the central Alaska Range, about 8 miles  south-southeast of Denali. It is also about 6 miles  east of Mount Hunter. While overshadowed in absolute elevation by Denali, Huntington is a steeper peak: in almost every direction, faces drop over 5,000 ft in about a mile . Even its easiest route presents significantly more technical challenge than the standard route on Denali, and it is a favorite peak for high-standard technical climbers.</p><br>
<p>Mount Huntington was first climbed in 1964 by a French expedition led by famed alpinist Lionel Terray, via the Northwest Ridge, from then on also called the French Ridge. The second ascent the following year, via the West Face/West Rib, is reported by David Roberts in The Mountain of My Fear. The mountain can be accessed either from the West Fork of the Ruth Glacier, on the north side of the mountain, or the Tokositna Glacier, on the south side.</p><br>
<h2>Notable ascents</h2><br>
<p>1964 French Ridge Lionel Terray et al.</p><br>
<p>1965 Harvard Route (VI 5.9 A2 70-degree ice) by David Roberts, Ed Bernd, Don Jensen, Matt Hale.</p><br>
<p>1978 North Face Jack Roberts and Simon McCartney, summit reached on July 6, 1978.</p><br>
<p>1978 Southeast Spur Joseph Kaelin, Kent Meneghin, Glenn Randall and Angus M. Thuermer, Jr., summit reached on July 9, 1978.</p><br>
<p>1980 The British Route, East Face Roger Mear and Steve Bell, summit reached on May 16, 1980.</p><br>
<p>1981 Colton-Leach Route, West Face Nick Colton, Tim Leach.</p><br>
<p>1989 Nettle-Quirk Route disputed FA by Dave Nettle and James Quirk, summit reached May 24, 1989.</p><br>
<p>2017 Gauntlet Ridge, Clint Helander and Jess Roskelley, five days on route, two nights spent sleeping on summit</p><br>
<p>Monte Conero , also known as Monte d&#39;Ancona, is a promontory in Italy, situated directly south of the port of Ancona on the Adriatic Sea.</p><br>
<p>The name Conero comes from the Greek name Komaròs and indicates the strawberry tree which is common on the slopes of the mountain. Mount Conero is 572 metres high and it is the only coastal high point on the Adriatic sea between Trieste and the Gargano massif in the region of Apulia.</p><br>
<p>Since 1987 it has been a state park and a protected ecological area (Regional Park) with 18 trails and several archeological/historical sites. Wildlife include Eurasian badger, beech marten, least weasel, yellow-bellied toad, peregrine falcon, kingfisher and pallid swift. Apart the strawberry tree, vegetation include oak, holm oak, Aleppo pine, Cupressus sempervirens and many others.</p><br>
<p>Other comuni near the mountain include Sirolo and Numana.</p><br>
<p>The Cordillera Central is a volcanic mountain range in central Costa Rica which continues from the Continental Divide to east of Cordillera de Tilarán. It extends 80 km from Tapezco Pass to the Turrialba Volcano and ending on the Pacuare River. It is separated from Cordillera de Tilarán by Balsa River and Platanar and Zarcero hills. The Cordillera Central is part of the American Cordillera, a chain of mountain ranges  that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western "backbone" of North America, Central America, South America and Antarctica.</p><br>
<p>It contains four large volcanoes Poás (2,708 m), Barva (2,906 m), Irazú and Turrialba (3,340 m). The highest peak is Irazú at 3,432 m.</p><br>
<p>South of the range lie elevated plains of central tectonic depression of Costa Rican Central Valley.</p><br>
<p>Cordillera Central&#39;s four main volcanoes are protected as national parks. Volcanic massif of the Poás Volcano is the central feature of Poás Volcano National Park, featuring permanent fumarolic activity. Barva Volcano features prominent hydrothermal activity (hot springs) and is a part of Braulio Carrillo National Park.</p><br>
<p>Irazú Volcano National Park contains Irazú Volcano, the highest volcano of Costa Rica. The significant elevation of the volcano makes it a strategic site for telecommunications, many national television and radio stations have their antennas at the summit.</p><br>
<p>Turrialba Volcano National Park centered on Turrialba Volcano features fumarolic activity and gas emissions.</p><br>
<p>Mount Marcus Baker is the highest peak of the Chugach Mountains of Alaska.</p><br>
<p>It is located approximately 75 mi east of Anchorage. This peak is very prominent because of its proximity to tidewater and is only 12 miles (19 km) north of the calving face of Harvard Glacier.</p><br>
<p>When ranked by topographic prominence, Mount Marcus Baker is one of the top 75 peaks in the world.</p><br>
<p>Mount Marcus Baker was originally called "Mount Saint Agnes&quot according to Bradford Washburn, James W. Bagley of the USGS named it after his wife Agnes, adding the "Saint" in hopes of making the name stick. The name was later changed to honor a cartographer and geologist named Marcus Baker.</p><br>
<p>The peak was first climbed on June 19, 1938 by a party led by famed explorer Bradford Washburn; the climb took almost two months owing to weather delays. Today&#39;s standard route is the North Ridge. Despite being much lower in elevation than Denali, Marcus Baker is a similarly serious ascent, due to the remoteness of the peak and the resulting length of the approach and climb. Actually, a number of noted climbers have perished or sustained permanent injury in attempting to summit the peak as climbing conditions can change rapidly as storms arise. In early 1988, a State of Alaska Fish and Game biologist, 28-year-old Sylvia Jean Lane, succumbed to hypothermia as a two-day storm separated her from the two others in the climbing party attempting to dash to the top in a winter ascent.</p><br>
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<p>Weston Manor is an 18th-century plantation house on the south shore of the Appomattox River in Hopewell, Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William and Christian Eppes Gilliam built their home, Weston Manor, in 1789 on land in Prince George County that was acquired two years earlier from her cousin John Wayles Eppes. The Gilliam family arrived in Virginia in the 17th century as indentured servants. By the late 18th century through hard work and smart marriages the family had amassed several plantations in the area. Christian was the daughter of Richard Eppes of neighboring Appomattox Plantation. Weston Manor was originally known as Western Manor because it was west of Appomattox Plantation, also known as Appomattox Manor.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>Weston Manor is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is noted for its period interior.</p><br>
<p>The Elisabet Ney Museum is a museum located in Austin, Texas, United States. It is housed in the former studio of sculptor Elisabet Ney and is dedicated to showcasing her life and works. There is a permanent collection of her portrait busts and personal memorabilia on display.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Formosa, as Ney called the studio, was completed in 1893 and enlarged in 1902. It was the earliest art studio built in Texas. After she died in 1907, Ella and Joseph B. Dibrell purchased the building to preserve it as an art center in memory of her. The City of Austin assumed ownership of it in 1941 and it is managed through the City of Austin Parks and Recreation Department. In addition to being a local and state historic landmark, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 29, 1972.</p><br>
<p>From July 1980 to November 1982, the museum was closed for restoration and the installation of a climate-control system. It is currently undergoing another major renovation funded through a grant from the Save America&#39;s Treasures project and a 2006 voter-approved bond.</p><br>
<h2>Collection</h2><br>
<p>The museum houses a collection of originals and replicas of Neys works, along with many of her personal belongings and tools. The more than fifty sculptures and medallions on display include her portraits of European figures such as King Ludwig II of Bavaria, Otto von Bismarck, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Arthur Schopenhauer, as well as her American-period sculptures of William Jennings Bryan, Sam Houston, Stephen F. Austin, Albert Sidney Johnston, and Shakespeares Lady Macbeth.</p><br>
<p>Motu One, also known as Bellinghausen, is an atoll in the Leeward group of the Society Islands. Motu One is located 550 km northwest from Tahiti and 72 km northeast of Manuae, its closest neighbor.</p><br>
<p>Motu One&#39;s reef encloses totally a lagoon without a pass. All of its sides are covered with low, wooded sandy islands except for its southern side. Motu One means Sand Island in Polynesian, that is a low-lying, sandy islet that cannot sustain permanent human habitation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name Atoll Bellinghausen or more rarely Bellingshausen was given to this small atoll by the a Russian officer and navigator of Baltic German descent in the Imperial Russian Navy Otto von Kotzebue in honour of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. It should not be confused with Bellingshausen Island, part of the South Sandwich Islands, in the southwest Atlantic.</p><br>
<p>The atoll was visited by the US Exploring Expedition in Sept. 1839.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Motu One Atoll is administratively part of the commune (municipality) of Maupiti, itself in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands.</p><br>
<p>West Overton is located approximately 40 mi southeast of Pittsburgh, in East Huntingdon Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is on PA 819 between the towns of Mount Pleasant and Scottdale. Its latitude is 40.117N and its longitude is -79.564W.</p><br>
<p>It has long been known as the birthplace of Henry Clay Frick, the industrialist and art collector, and the original site of distillery of his great-grandfather Henry Overholt and grandfather Abraham Overholt, the namesake of Old Overholt rye whiskey.</p><br>
<p>West Overton Village was established in 1800 by German Mennonites from Bucks County, who were led by Henry Overholt. Today it operates as a museum complex and is an example of a 19th-century rural industrial village. It is the only pre-American Civil War village still intact in Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The museum has undergone a complete renovation and will focus on the Overholt industries of whiskey distillation, grist milling and coal and coke operations. The museum was scheduled to reopen for tours in August 2012 with the Overholt Homestead to reopen in June 2013.</p><br>
<h2>West Overton Historic District</h2><br>
<p>West Overton Historic District is a national historic district located at East Huntingdon Township, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. It encompasses 19 contributing buildings in the village of West Overton. They are a collection of mid-19th century buildings in a vernacular Greek Revival style. It includes the Christian S. Overholt Store and House, Abraham Overholt Homestead (1838), and Overholt Mill (1859). The springhouse of the Abraham Overholt Homestead is the birthplace of Henry Clay Frick (1849-1919).</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Cold Harbor National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery in Mechanicsville, Hanover County, Virginia. It encompasses 1.4 acre, and as of the end of 2005, had 2,110 interments. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it is managed by the Hampton National Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cold Harbor National Cemetery was established in 1866 on the site of the Battle of Cold Harbor, an American Civil War engagement. Interments were collected from a 22 mi area, taken from the battlefields and field hospital sites of Cold Harbor, Mechanicsville (Beaver Dam Creek), Gainess Mill, and Savages Station. The land was appropriated in April 1865 during the first post-war search and re-burial operations conducted on local area battlefields, but not fully purchased until the cemetery was officially established the following year. Another search for buried and unburied remains occurred in 1867 and yielded over 1,000 full and partial skeletons that had been missed the previous year. Due to space limitations at Cold Harbor these remains, of which only a handful were identified, were re-interred in the larger Richmond National Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>In the book Magnolia Journey: A Union Veteran Revisits the Former Confederate States, Russell H. Conway stated that in 1870 the remains of Union soldiers were still being unearthed from the battlefield by poverty-stricken local residents searching for Minie Balls to sell as lead scrap in nearby Richmond, Virginia. Although reported to cemetery superintendent Augustus Barry, who was mortally ill at the time, it does not appear that another search and reburial operation was made. Conway feared that many soldiers remains may have ended up in Richmond&#39;s fertilizer factories mixed in with the bones of dead artillery horses. Soldier remains at Cold Harbor have been occasionally discovered by farmers and construction crews well into the 21st century.</p><br>
<p>Room for the burial of American veterans of later periods was made when the original design of the cemetery was altered by removing several paths and walkways that bisected the cemetery. The cemetery is now closed to further interments.</p><br>
<h2>Notoriety</h2><br>
<p>Cold Harbor National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>Monument to the Unknowns, a 5 ft marble sarcophagus erected by the federal government in 1877 to commemorate the 889 unknown Union soldiers buried in two trench graves at the back of the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Pennsylvania Monument, a 30 ft granite spire with a statue of a soldier at the top, was erected in 1909 by the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and dedicated to its regiments lost at Cold Harbor.</p><br>
<p>The 8th New York Heavy Artillery Monument, a granite block with a bronze plaque listing the names of those from the detachment who died at Cold Harbor, erected in 1909 by the state of New York.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Sergeant Major Augustus Barry, Medal of Honor recipient for action in the Civil War. Sergeant Major Barry was also the first superintendent of Cold Harbor National Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Kahiltna Glacier is the longest glacier of the Alaska Range in the USA state of Alaska. It starts on the southwest slope of Denali near Kahiltna Pass . Its main channel runs almost due south between Mount Foraker to the west and Mount Hunter to the east. The name was first reported as "Car-ilt-nu Glacier" by Alaska Range explorer Lt. J.S. Herron in 1902. An alternate name is Kagheltnu Li&#39;a. Kahiltna Glacier is the longest glacier in the Alaska Range at 44 mi in length.</p><br>
<h2>Forks</h2><br>
<p>The glacier has a few notable forks. The Northeast Fork lies just under, and to the south of, the large plateau which houses the 14,000 ft camp on the standard West Buttress route of Denali. It also provides access to the popular, but more technical, West Rib and Cassin Ridge routes. The East Fork is rarely visited, but provides access to the west side of the South Buttress of Denali. The mouth of the Southeast Fork is the site of the seasonal airstrip and base camp for Denali at approximately the 7,000 foot elevation. This location is officially just outside the southern boundary of the wilderness portion of Denali National Park and Preserve. However, in actuality, the airstrip is generally located on the boundary or just north of the line, but the park service tends to overlook this fact. It also serves as the base camp for climbers attempting routes on the west or north sides of the formidable Mount Hunter, which rises just south of the Southeast Fork, and on the east or southeast sides of Mount Foraker, which lies just across the main part of the glacier.</p><br>
<p>Many other unnamed forks split off to the east from the main stream of the glacier in the region south of Mount Hunter, providing access to a complex of small but steep rock peaks, popular with climbers, known as Little Switzerland. The snout of the glacier lies further to the south, at elevation approximately 1,000 ft, where the glacier gives rise to the Kahiltna River.</p><br>
<p>Raudvatnet  is a lake in the municipality of Rana in Nordland county, Norway. The European route E12 highway between Mo i Rana and Sweden passes along the northern and eastern shores of the lake. A Red cross hut  is located east of Raudvatnet. Water flows into the lake Raudvatnet primarily from the nearby lake Tverrvatnet to the south. From Raudvatnet, the water flows into the river Tverråga, a tributary to the main river Ranelva.</p><br>
<p>Raudvatnet is rich on trout and Arctic char, and is a popular lake for hobby fishermen, both in the summer and the winter (ice fishing). Raudvatnet and the surrounding area is a popular recreation area. Blåvegenløpet Skifestival ("the Blue road ski festival") begins at Raudvatnet. It is organized by the IL Stålkameratene sports club. There are also about 550 cabins located around the lake, and work is going on to make electricity available to their owners.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Raudvatnet has its name from the mountain Raudfjellet ("the red mountain"), north of the lake. The mountain is red due to hematite, which historically was extracted in order to make house paint in Rana. From 1911-1919, the mining company Bossmo Gruber extracted pyrite from Raudfjellet in the mine Mossgruven. Hematite from this red mountain was also the source of house painting in Northern Sweden. It explains why most houses there are red, and also the Swedish common name den Røda Stugan ("the red house") when referring to their homes in the Swedish municipalities of Sorsele and Storuman.</p><br>
<p>The lake Litle Raudvatn ("small Raudvatn") is located nearby in the Plura River watershed. In order to distinguish between these lakes, Raudvatnet is sometimes also called Store Raudvatn ("large Raudvatn").</p><br>
<h2>Inhabitants</h2><br>
<p>Raudvatnet is located in Sami territory, where the traditional speakers of the Ume Sami language once flourished. Breeding reindeer are an essential part of the economy of the Samis around the lake. During wintertime the reindeer are corralled east of the lake Raudvatnet and south of the mountain Raudfjellet. In the summertime, they graze on grass in the areas east of Raudvatnet and south of Tverrvatnet.</p><br>
<h2>Media Gallery</h2><br>
<h3>Winter</h3><br>
<h3>Summer</h3><br>
<h3>Autumn</h3><br>
<p>Selja is a small island in Selje Municipality in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway and the original Catholic bishopric  which soon became the pre-Reformation Ancient Diocese of Bergen . It has been formerly known as Sellø or Selø.</p><br>
<p>The island is located in the Sildagapet bay, just 1 km west of the harbor in the village of Selje. The sparsely populated island has about 5 permanent residents who commute by boat to the mainland since the island is not accessible by road.</p><br>
<p>The painter Bernt Tunold grew up on the island, where his parents had established a farm on the church grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastocal history</h2><br>
<p>The island is mainly known for its connection to Saint Sunniva, who, according to legend, landed and died there in the late 10th century and remains patron saint of the Diocese of Bergen. The discovery at Selo in 996 of the supposed remains of Sunniva and her companions led Norwegian King Olaf Tryggvason (995-1000) to build a church there. Today, the ruins of a monastery named "Sankta Sunniva kloster" (Selje Abbey) is the only notable feature on the island. The cave of Saint Sunniva and the ruins of an early (and very small) cathedral are also located on the island. The cathedral was the episcopal see of a Catholic Bishopric, the Diocese of Selja (Latin Selia), the predecessor of the Ancient Diocese of Bergen, a suffragan of the German (Upper Saxon) Archbishopric of Bremen, established with the monastery circa 1060 by King Olaf Kyrre. Its physical see was soon moved to Bjørgvin (Bergen), but it would take a few more bishops until that name supplanted Selja&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>Bjarnvard (Bernard the Saxon) since 106O?7, Bishop of Selja till his death (1066?67)</p><br>
<p>Svein, Bishop of Selja, first also known as Bishop of Bjørgvin (Bergen)</p><br>
<p>(1115), (1128): Magnus, Bishop of Selja</p><br>
<p>(1135): Ottar Islänning, Bishop of Selja</p><br>
<p>1156/57-1160: Paal, Bishop of Selja</p><br>
<p>1160 - 1170 (1194): Nikolas Petersson of Sogn, last Bishop of Selja, first only known zs Bishop of Bergen (Bjørgvin) after 1170</p><br>
<h3>Titular see</h3><br>
<p>The diocese, whose successor Bergen was suppressed in 1537 due to Denmark-Norway&#39;s Lutheran Reformation, was nominally restored in 1033 as Latin Catholic Titular bishopric of Selja (in Latin and Curiate Italian; Latin adjective Selien(sis)) and renamed Selia in Latin in 1971 (still Selja in Italian).</p><br>
<p>It has had the following incumbents, so far all of the fitting episcopal (lowest) rank :</p><br>
<p>Olaf Offerdahl (1930.03.13 – death 1930.10.07) as Apostolic Vicar of Norway (Norway, Selja&#39;s home country) (1930.03.13 – 1930.10.07), previously Apostolic Administrator of the same vicariate (1928.10.11 – 1930.03.13)</p><br>
<p>Jacques Mangers, Marists S.M. (1932.07.12 – 1953.06.29) as first Apostolic Vicar of Oslo (previously called of Norway, see above) (1932.07.12 – 1953.06.29), promoted first Exempt Bishop of Oslo (Norway) (1953.06.29 – 1964.11.25), emeritate as Titular Bishop of Afufenia (1964.11.25 – death 1972.01.07)</p><br>
<p>Claude Dupuy (1955.03.07 – 1961.12.04) as Auxiliary Bishop of Lyon (primatial see in France) (1955.03.07 – 1961.12.04); later Metropolitan Archbishop of Albi (France) (1961.12.04 – retired 1974.06.15); died 1989</p><br>
<p>Eduard Macheiner (1963.03.01 – 1969.10.09) as Auxiliary Bishop of Salzburg (primatial see of Austria) (1963.03.01 – 1969.10.09), later succeeded as Metropolitan Archbishop of Salzburg (Austria) ( 1969.10.18 – death 1972.07.17)</p><br>
<p>Salvador Lazo Lazo (1969.12.01 – 1981.01.20) first as Auxiliary Bishop of Tuguegarao (Philippines) (1969.12.01 – 1977.08.03), then as Auxiliary Bishop of Nueva Segovia (Philippines) (1977.08.03 – 1981.01.20); later Bishop of San Fernando de La Union (Philippines) (1981.01.20 – retired 1993.05.28), died 2000</p><br>
<p>Ângelo Domingos Salvador, Capuchin Franciscans (O.F.M. Cap.) (1981.03.16 – 1986.05.16) as Auxiliary Bishop of São Salvador da Bahia (Brazil) (1981.03.16 – 1986.05.16); later Bishop-Prelate of Coxim (Brazil) (1986.05.16 – 1991.07.17), Bishop of Cachoeira do Sul (Brazil) (1991.07.17 – 1999.05.26), Bishop of Uruguaiana (Brazil) (1999.05.26 – retired 2007.06.27)</p><br>
<p>Eurico dos Santos Veloso (1987.03.12 – 1991.05.22) as Auxiliary Bishop of Juiz de Fora (Brazil) (1987.03.12 – 1991.05.22); later Coadjutor Bishop of Luz (Brazil) (1991.05.22 – 1994.05.18), Bishop of above Luz (1994.05.18 – 2001.11.28), Metropolitan Archbishop of above Juiz de For) (2001.11.28 – retired 2009.01.28)</p><br>
<p>Pero Sudar (1993.05.28 –...), Auxiliary Bishop of Vrhbosna (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina)</p><br>
<h2>Media gallery</h2><br>
<p>Flatey is an island of the western islands, a cluster of about forty large and small islands and islets located in Breiðafjörður on the northwestern part of Iceland. Flatey and its surrounding islands are, as a creation, believed to have forged from under the weight of a great glacier during the previous Ice age. In terms of size, Flatey is some two kilometers long and about one kilometer wide, of which most is flat land , with scarcely any hills to be found.</p><br>
<p>The island has a seasonal habitation; most houses there are occupied only during summer. In winter, the island&#39;s total population is five people. In spite of this, Flatey used to be one of the main cultural centres of Iceland, with its no-longer existing monastery (founded in 1172) standing on the highest point of the island as its beacon of knowledge. In the middle of the 19th century, Flatey was still a cultural and artistic centre but doubled as a hub of commerce for the northwest, having received its town charter from the Danish crown in 1777.</p><br>
<p>From 1777 and on until around the latter part of the last century, Flatey enjoyed a healthy growth of its population and was for a long time, relative to size, massively populated.</p><br>
<p>Due to social change and changes of production and ensuing change of values and demands in the work place, its steady population has dwindled down to the minimum needed to support the community on a regular basis, a community which, during summer and holidays, multiplies in size due to a massive influx of second home owners, regular domestic visitors and foreign tourists.</p><br>
<p>The island has only a single road, which leads from the ferry dock to the so-called "old village", which consists of some restored and traditionally-painted old houses of the islands original inhabitants. There is, of course, also the old harbour, from where besides visitors and inhabitants travelling to and fro, the islands sheep are taken over to the mainland for slaughter. Besides sheep, most of Flatey&#39;s natural life consists of various kinds of mostly migratory birds, especially the puffin.</p><br>
<p>Flatey also has a church, built in 1926. The church&#39;s interior is painted with scenes of the island life, made by a Catalan painter, Baltasar Samper, in the 1960s in return for free accommodation when he was visiting the island. The island also inhabits the oldest and smallest library in Iceland, established in 1864. This library was once home to the Flatey Book, the largest of medieval Icelandic manuscripts.</p><br>
<p>North Palisade is the third highest mountain in the Sierra Nevada range of California. It is the highest peak of the Palisades group of peaks in the central part of the range. It sports a small glacier  and several highly prized rock climbing routes on its northeast side.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>North Palisade has a collection of names from the 19th century. The Wheeler Survey referred to it as Northwest Palisade in 1878. The following year, Lil Winchell called it Dusy&#39;s Peak after local rancher Frank Dusy. In 1895, Bolton Brown advocated yet another name, after David Starr Jordan. USA Senator Dianne Feinstein, supported by USA Senator Barbara Boxer, has introduced legislation to rename the peak as "Brower Palisade", in honor of environmentalist David Brower. There is significant opposition to this proposal.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent was made on July 25, 1903 by James S. Hutchinson, Joseph Nisbet LeConte and James K. Moffitt. They approached the area overland from south of the Palisades, and scouted possible routes from the summits of Marion Peak and Mount Sill. Armed with this intelligence, they planned to ascend the southwest chute of the U Notch, and find a way to bypass the rock face between the notch and the upper reaches of North Palisade. Around 13,100 ft, they followed a northward branch of this chute, and slowly climbed a difficult system of cracks. From here they found a catwalk ledge that took them to a series of icy gullies, bound toward the summit. These gullies were blocked by a pair of chockstones, requiring class 4 moves to pass. Beyond these obstacles, they crested the southeast ridge, and climbed a series of granite blocks to the summit.</p><br>
<p>After making this climb, LeConte is quoted as writing in a letter, "I have called the peak merely the North Palisade. Put Dusy&#39;s name on some less imposing mass, and give us a name to be handed down through all time."</p><br>
<p>The peak has been called North Palisade since that day, and received official recognition by the USA Board on Geographic Names.</p><br>
<h2>Subsidiary peaks</h2><br>
<p>North Palisade has several named subsidiary peaks (nearby peaks which have less than 300 ft (91 m) of topographic prominence). These all lie on the main ridge crest, and are as follows:</p><br>
<p>Polemonium Peak, 14,080+ ft (4294+ m). Prominence of 160 feet (49 m). This lies between the "U-Notch" and "V-Notch" couloirs (popular snow/ice climbs), 0.15 mi (0.25 km) east-southeast of North Palisade. Named on the USGS topographic map. The peak is named for the Polemonium eximium skypilot (plant) found in the area.</p><br>
<p>Starlight Peak, 14,200 ft. Prominence of 80 ft. This is the northwest summit of North Palisade, less than 0.1 mi (0.15 km) from the main summit. Some climbing routes end atop this peak known for its famous "Milk Bottle", a 20 ft pillar of rock with huge exposure.</p><br>
<p>Thunderbolt Peak, 14,003 ft. Prominence of 203 ft. About 0.25 mi (0.4 km) northwest of North Palisade. Named on the USGS topographic map. The Sierra Club guidebook notes: "This was the last 14,000 foot (4,267 m) peak to be climbed in the Sierra. During a wild storm on the first ascent, a bolt of lightning left Jules Eichorn severely shaken; hence the name".</p><br>
<p>Corinth National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery in the city of Corinth, in Alcorn County, Mississippi. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses 20 acre, and as of the end of 2005, had 7,137 interments. It is managed by the Little Rock National Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Corinth National Cemetery was established in 1866 as a place to inter the Union casualties of the Second Battle of Corinth, and other battles in the region. By the late 1870s there were over 5,000 interments in the cemetery, nearly 4,000 of which were of unknown dead.</p><br>
<p>Corinth National Cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Along with other sites, it was included in Siege and Battle of Corinth Sites, a National Historic Landmark designated in 1991</p><br>
<p>Rawdon Billing, sometimes referred to as Billing Hill, is a tree-topped hill situated in Rawdon, West Yorkshire, England. Reaching an elevation of 231 m, it is a significant landmark in the Aireborough area.</p><br>
<p>The remains of a quarry, as well as concrete foundations for World War II defensive installations, can be found near the top. A number of local footpaths (81, 89, 90 and 91) cross the Billing or near to it, and it is possible to see many landmarks on a clear day, including York Minster, with a very good view of aircraft entering and leaving Leeds Bradford International Airport.</p><br>
<p>It is owned by the Rawdon Trust, land agents for the Emmott family from Lancashire. The Billing is a popular place for local walkers and plane spotters as it overlooks Leeds Bradford Airport.</p><br>
<p>In 1778, a gold torc was found on the Billing. The whereabouts of the artifact is unknown.</p><br>
<p>Though sparse, there is evidence of coal on the Billing; however, though it was used previously as a quarry, there is no sign of mining.</p><br>
<p>Stone from the Billing was apparently used at the base of 48 Albion Street in Leeds city centre. The former bank now houses a Starbucks.</p><br>
<p>Mount Kaputar, a mountain with an elevation of 1,489 m above sea level,</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The summit is accessible from Narrabri via a 57 km long, winding and narrow road that is partly sealed. Neighboring Mount Dowe, with an elevation of 1,457 m above sea level, contains various telecommunications broadcasting equipment and the large antenna is visible from the Kamilaroi Highway heading south towards Gunnedah.</p><br>
<p>There is a lookout at the top of the peak called Mount Kaputar Lookout. Nearby is the Governor Lookout and Eckfords Lookout as well as Dawson Spring with cabins, picnic tables and camping facilities.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Kaputar is the remnants of an extinct volcano that was active about 18 million years ago. Mount Lindesay was probably the center of the volcano. The predominant vegetation on the mountain is dry sclerophyll forest.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>The main vegetation types are dry rainforests, dry eucalypt forests and heathlands. A sub-alpine zone known as the Kaputar Plateau forms an elevate area 1,350 m above sea level. Below this down to 1,000 m above sea level the most common trees include the silver-top stringybark and rough-barked mountain gum. Heath occurs in scattered patches where exposure to high winds and shallow soils inhibits the growth of larger trees.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is home to a giant, fluorescent pink slug, which can grow up to 20 cm in length. This pink subspecies of the red triangle slug is found only on this single mountaintop. The peak is an isolated habitat island on which endemic invertebrates and plant species have existed for millions of years.</p><br>
<p>Green Lawn Abbey, built in 1927, is an historic mausoleum located at 700 Greenlawn Avenue in Columbus, Ohio, USA. On June 27, 2007, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Green Lawn Abbey is a mausoleum built in 1927 by the Columbus Mausoleum Company. At the time it was the largest in the area, with room for 600 interments. The Columbus Mausoleum Company built numerous other mausoleums in the surrounding area but Green Lawn Abbey was its largest.</p><br>
<p>Built with 1.5 in thick granite walls, marble interior and an imported tile roof, the Abbey was built to inspire awe. Marble faux-fireplaces, stained glass windows and various religious statues adorn this beautiful final resting place of many notable figures in Ohio and local history.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, the Abbey has fallen victim to water leaks, which have damaged much of the plaster ceilings and marble floors. The Abbey has also become the target for many urban exploration groups and vandals. Many of the irreplaceable stained glass windows have been destroyed as people have attempted to find entry into or exit from the Abbey. Marble statues lie broken, used as "tools" for breaking open windows and doors.</p><br>
<p>Notable residents include George J. Karb (former Franklin County police commissioner and five-time mayor of Columbus), magician Howard Thurston, Charles Foster Johnson (first real estate tycoon in the area), Isaac Collins (founder of Anchor Hocking), Edward and Rollin Swisher (from the company that manufactures Swisher Sweets cigars), and H. R. Penney (brother of J.C. Penney of department store fame). A special family crypt room holds members of the Lewis Sells family (owners of Sells Brothers Circus).</p><br>
<p>In 2001 trustees for Green Lawn Abbey considered selling its already reduced grounds to a nearby construction implement dealer that would have surrounded the building with a dealer lot for back hoes and heavy equipment. The plan failed, but concerns continue, especially by fans of Thurston.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration Efforts</h2><br>
<p>In August 2008 the Green Lawn Abbey Preservation Association (GLAPA) was incorporated as a 501(c)(3) recognized non-profit organization. This group has been leading efforts to restore the Abbey and preserve its historical significance to the city of Columbus. GLAPA is working to educate the community on the history of the Abbey through historic re-enactments held at the facility each fall and an open house event on Memorial Day. GLAPA is also working closely with the Columbus Landmarks Foundation to seek out restoration opportunities and grants for repair to the Abbey.</p><br>
<p>In October 2009, the Abbey suffered a setback when thieves broke in and stole a number of bronze gates. The remaining gates were removed and placed in secure storage until further restoration takes place.</p><br>
<p>As of December 2010, two major roof repair projects have been completed.</p><br>
<p>Waw an Namus  is a volcanic field, cone and caldera in the southern Fezzan region of southern Libya. It is in the near-geographic center of the Sahara Desert.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The inside of the caldera houses an oasis of rich foliage and three small salt lakes of variable color which are the reason for the volcanos name. A volcanic field of dark basaltic tephra flow extends 10 - around the caldera. The dark fields vast size allows it to be easily seen from space.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the Libyan Civil War (2011), Waw an Namus was an increasingly popular local tourist attraction.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Waw An Namus - STS052.JPGWaw an Namus viewed from the Space Shuttle, 25 October 1992</p><br>
<p>Knowlton Mansion, also known as the Rhawn Residence, is a historic mansion in the Fox Chase neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.</p><br>
<p>The three-story mansion was designed in the Gothic Revival style by renowned 19th century architect Frank Furness as a residence for William Rhawn, a successful Philadelphia banker. The house was completed in 1881 and was named after John Knowles, Rhawns wifes great-grandfather. It later served as the residence for Robert MacKay Green II, who was the son of Robert MacKay Green I who invented ice cream soda in 1874.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Today the mansion serves as the home to Conroy Catering. The first fundraiser held at Knowlton by Conroy Catering was for former State Representative Chris Wogan in December 1997.</p><br>
<p>Crown Hill National Cemetery is a USA National Cemetery located in the city of Indianapolis, Marion County, Indiana. It was established in 1866 on Section 10 at Crown Hill Cemetery, a privately owned cemetery on the city&#39;s northwest side. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, the National Cemetery encompasses 1.4 acre and serves as a burial site for Union soldiers who fought in the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Indianapolis did not have a cemetery specifically designated as a burial ground for Union soldiers until the National Cemetery was established at Crown Hill. Soldiers who died at Indianapolis were initially buried at the city’s Greenlawn Cemetery. The remains of the first Union soldier from Greenlawn were interred at the National Cemetery at Crown Hill on October 19, 1866. By November 1866 the bodies of 707 soldiers had been moved from Greenlawn to Crown Hill. The first burial of a Union veteran in the National Cemetery took place on October 7, 1869. The last Union veteran burial in Crown Hill&#39;s National Cemetery took place on November 16, 1898. As of December 31, 1998, the National Cemetery had 795 interments.</p><br>
<p>The National Cemetery contains individually marked graves and commemorative memorials, including a stone monument that was dedicated on May 30, 1889. Three bronze plaques installed on the National Cemetery’s grounds provide verses from Theodore OHaras "Bivouac of the Dead". Another plaque is inscribed with text of the federal Act, approved in 1864, that establishes and protects the National Cemeteries. Crown Hill Cemetery, including the military cemetery, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 1973. A separate listing for the Crown Hill was added to the National Register on April 29, 1999. The last Union veteran burial in Crown Hill&#39;s National Cemetery took place on November 16, 1898. The National Cemetery at Crown Hill is managed by the Marion National Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Indianapolis had no cemetery specifically designated as a burial place for Union soldiers who died in camps and hospitals near Indianapolis until after the Civil War. During the war, when the city served as a major transportation hub and as a camp for Union troops, the soldiers who died at Indianapolis were initially buried at Greenlawn Cemetery, located west of town. Confederate prisoners who died at Camp Morton, a large prisoner-of-war camp north of Indianapolis, were also interred at Greenlawn. By August 1863 Greenlawn was nearing capacity from wartime casualties and facing encroachment from industrial development. To provide additional land for burials, a group of local businessmen formed a Board of Corporators (trustees) who established Crown Hill Cemetery on October 22, 1863. The privately owned cemetery, northwest of downtown, borders present-day Thirty-Eighth Street. In 1866 the USA government authorized a National Cemetery for Indianapolis and made arrangements for the removal of the soldiers from Greenlawn.</p><br>
<p>The National Cemetery in Indianapolis was established on 1.4 acre within the grounds of Crown Hill. Brigadier General James A. Ekin, a representative of the federal government, and Oliver P. Morton, the governor of Indiana, are credited with selecting its location on the western half of a sloping hill. This area is also known as Section 10. Crown Hills board of corporators made an initial offer to donate land valued at $15,000 for the cemetery, but Ekin did not have the authority to purchase the site. In the final agreement the land was purchased for $5,000, with the understanding that Crown Hills ownership would ornament the burial plots.</p><br>
<p>Within a few months the bodies of Union soldiers who were buried at Greenlawn were moved to the National Cemetery. Not all the Civil War soldiers buried at Crown Hill’s National Cemetery are from Indiana. The National Cemetery also contains the remains of thirty-six unknowns.</p><br>
<p>On May 30, 1868, Crown Hill, along with Arlington National Cemetery and 182 others in twenty-seven states, took part the country&#39;s first Memorial Day ceremonies. An estimated crowd of 10,000 attended the celebrations at Crown Hill, which began an annual tradition that continues into the twenty-first century.</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1869, John F. Wilson, a former private in Company E, 70th Regiment Indiana Infantry, became the first Union veteran of the Civil War to be buried in the National Cemetery. Eighty-five others were buried in the remaining plots in Section 10. The last burial of a Civil War soldier in Crown Hill&#39;s National Cemetery took place on November 16, 1898, when John H. Tull, a former private in Company D, 72nd Regiment Indiana Infantry, was buried in Section 10.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 the federal government requested an expansion of the National Cemetery grounds for veteran burials. Crown Hills board suggested an adjacent section southwest of Section 10, but the government took no action to acquire it. On June 27, 1899, Crown Hills board passed a resolution that allowed members of Grand Army of the Republic posts in Indianapolis who served in the USA army or navy to be buried in Section 9, adjacent to the National Cemetery. The body of Brigadier General Edward Richard Sprigg Canby rests in a place of honor in Section 9, Lot 1. Other notable Civil War veterans buried within view of the Union dead in the National Cemetery include Union General Jefferson C. Davis, buried in Section 29, Lot 1, and Brigadier General Abel Streight, buried in Section 29, Lot 72.</p><br>
<p>On October 27, 1969, Major Robert W. Hayes of the 774th Tactcial Airlift, was killed when his plane exploded over Chu Lai, in what was then South Vietnam. He is interred in Section 10, the final burial in Crown Hill’s National Cemetery. As of December 31, 1998, the National Cemetery includes 795 burial sites. Crown Hill Cemetery, including the National Cemetery, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 1973. The National Cemetery portion, which is listed separately, was added to the National Register on April 29, 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Confederate soldiers' burials</h2><br>
<p>In addition to the Union soldiers who are buried in the National Cemetery, Crown Hill is also a burial site for Confederate prisoners of war who died at Camp Morton, a large camp located north of Indianapolis.</p><br>
<h2>Artworks</h2><br>
<p>There are many artworks on the property, some of which are freestanding, but most are associated with gravesites.</p><br>
<p>The National Cemetery contains a few memorials in addition to the individually marked graves. The Major Robert Anderson Womens Relief Corps Number 44, Auxiliary to Post Number 360, Grand Army of the Republic, Department of Indiana, erected a stone monument that was dedicated on May 30, 1889. The monument, which was created by Indianapolis stonecutter James F. Needler, is located near the south end of the National Cemetery. The inscription on its north face reads: "In memory of the unknown dead who fell in our countrys service in the War of the Union, A.D. 1861–1865, No name to bid us know, Who rests below, No work of death of birth, Only the grasses wave, Over a mound of earth, Over a nameless grave". Two additional monuments, each one made of cast-iron artillery on a concrete base, are installed within the National Cemetery. Three bronze plaques installed on the National Cemetery grounds provide verses from Theodore OHaras "Bivouac of the Dead". Another plaque is inscribed with the text of Section 3 of the federal Act, approved on February 22, 1864, that establishes and protects the National Cemeteries. A flagpole was installed at the north end of Section 10 in 1938.</p><br>
<p>Congo Square is an open space within Louis Armstrong Park, which is located in the Tremé neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana, just across Rampart Street north of the French Quarter. The Tremé neighborhood is famous for its history of African American music.</p><br>
<p>In Louisiana&#39;s French and Spanish colonial era of the 18th century, enslaved Africans were commonly allowed Sundays off from their work. Although Code Noir was implemented in 1724, giving enslaved Africans the day off on Sundays, there were no laws in place giving them the right to congregate. Despite constant threat to these congregations, they often gathered in remote and public places such as along levees, in public squares, in backyards, and anywhere they could find. On Bayou St. John at a clearing called "la place congo" the various ethnic or cultural groups of Colonial Louisiana traded and socialized. It was not until 1817 that the mayor of New Orleans issued a city ordinance that restricted any kind of gathering of enslaved Africans to the one location of Congo Square. They were allowed to gather in the "Place des Nègres", "Place Publique", later "Circus Square" or informally "Place Congo" at the "back of town" (across Rampart Street from the French Quarter), where the enslaved would set up a market, sing, dance, and play music. This singing, dancing and playing started as a byproduct of the original market during the French reign. At the time the enslaved could purchase their freedom and could freely buy and sell goods in the square in order to raise money to escape slavery.Johnson, Jerah. Congo Square in New Orleans. Pelican Publishing Company, Inc., 2011.</p><br>
<p>The tradition continued after the city became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase. As African music had been suppressed in the Protestant colonies and states, the weekly gatherings at Congo Square became a famous site for visitors from elsewhere in the USA In addition, because of the immigration of refugees (some bringing enslaved Africans) from the Haitian Revolution, New Orleans received thousands of additional Africans and Creoles in the early years of the 19th century. They reinforced African traditions in the city, in music as in other areas. Many visitors were amazed at the African-style dancing and music. Observers heard the beat of the bamboulas and wail of the banzas, and saw the multitude of African dances that had survived through the years. There were a variety of dances that could be seen in Congo Square including the Bamboula, Calinda, Congo, Carabine and Juba. The rhythms played at Congo square can still be heard today in New Orleans jazz funerals, second lines and Mardi Gras Indians parades.</p><br>
<p>Townsfolk would gather around the square on Sunday afternoons to watch the dancing. In 1819, the architect Benjamin Latrobe, a visitor to the city, wrote about the celebrations in his journal. Although he found them "savage", he was amazed at the sight of 500-600 unsupervised slaves who assembled for dancing. He described them as ornamented with a number of tails of the smaller wild beasts, with fringes, ribbons, little bells, and shells and balls, jingling and flirting about the performers&#39; legs and arms. The women, one onlooker reported, wore, each according to her means, the newest fashions in silk, gauze, muslin, and percale dresses. The males covered themselves in oriental and Indian dress and covered themselves only with a sash of the same sort wrapped around the body. Except for that, they went naked.</p><br>
<p>One witness noted that clusters of onlookers, musicians, and dancers represented tribal groupings, with each nation taking their place in different parts of the square. The musicians used a range of instruments from available cultures: drums, gourds, banjo-like instruments, and quillpipes made from reeds strung together like pan flutes, as well as marimbas and European instruments such as the violin, tambourines, and triangles. Gradually, the music in the square gained more European influence as enslaved English-speaking Africans danced to songs like “Old Virginia Never Tire.” This mix of African and European styles helped create African American culture.</p><br>
<p>White Creole composer Louis Moreau Gottschalk incorporated rhythms and tunes he heard in Congo Square into some of his compositions, like his famous Bamboula, Op. 2.</p><br>
<p>As harsher United States practices of slavery replaced the more lenient French colonial style, the gatherings of enslaved Africans declined. Although no recorded date of the last of these dances in the square exists, the practice seems to have stopped more than a decade before the end of slavery with the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>In the late 19th century, the square again became a famous musical venue, this time for a series of brass band concerts by orchestras of the area&#39;s "Creole of color" community.</p><br>
<p>In 1893, the square was officially named “Beauregard Square” in honor of P.G.T. Beauregard, a Confederate General who was born in St. Bernard Parish and led troops at the Battle of Fort Sumter. This was part of an attempt by city leaders to suppress the mass gatherings at the square. While this name appeared on some maps, most locals continued to call it "Congo Square". Local New Orleans author and historian Freddi Williams Evans was the main advocator for the name change. As a result of her encouragement, City Councilwoman Kristin Gisleson Palmer created an ordinance to rename the area Congo Square in 2011. In the ordinance, Palmer claimed that “By restoring the name, Congo Square will continue to be remembered for the birthplace of the culture and music of New Orleans” and that “Jazz is the only truly indigenous American art form, and arguably its genesis was Congo Square, a true gift to the entire country and world.” In 2011, the New Orleans City Council officially voted to restore the traditional name Congo Square.</p><br>
<p>In the 1920s New Orleans Municipal Auditorium was built in an area just in back of the Square, displacing and disrupting some of the Tremé community.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s a controversial urban renewal project leveled a substantial portion of the Tremé neighborhood around the Square. After a decade of debate over the land, the City turned it into Louis Armstrong Park, which incorporates old Congo Square.</p><br>
<p>Starting in 1970, the City organized the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival and held events annually at Congo Square. As attendance grew, the city moved the festival to the much larger New Orleans Fairgrounds. In the late 20th century and early 21st century, Congo Square has continued to be an important venue for music festivals and a community gathering place for brass band parades, protest marches, and drum circles.</p><br>
<h2>In music</h2><br>
<p>Among classical composers, in addition to Gottschalk, Congo Square was made the subject of a symphonic poem by Henry F. Gilbert, The Dance in Place Congo (1908), which was also staged as a ballet at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City in 1918. He was inspired by an 1896 essay of the same name by George W. Cable which included extracts of the music to be heard in the Square.</p><br>
<p>The history of Congo Square inspired later generations of New Orleanians. Johnny Wiggs wrote and recorded a piece called "Congo Square" early in the New Orleans jazz revival, which became the theme song for the New Orleans Jazz Club radio show.</p><br>
<p>"Congo Square" Jazz Saxophonist Donald Harrison is the Big Chief of The Congo Nation Afro-New Orleans Cultural group which represents Congo Square in New Orleans culture. His father, Donald Harrison, Sr. was the Big Chief of four tribes and passed down the secret rituals and drum patterns of Congo Square to him. Harrison says, "That our culture is different than African culture but it has direct links to it. You have to start in New Orleans to understand it." His CD&#39;s, "Spirits of Congo Square," recorded in 2002 and, "Indian Blues," recorded in 1991 incorporate his concept of the swing beat merged with the Afro-New Orleans rhythms of Congo Square have influenced many jazz musicians. Donald Harrison currently spreads the culture and spirit of Congo Square by performing in a band called “Donald Harrison and the Congo Square Nation”. The group performs all around the country, playing songs inspired by early drum patterns of Congo Square, and has recently been featured in the acclaimed series “Treme”. Harrison and his band continue to show what the culture and history of Congo Square means to New Orleans and jazz music as a whole.</p><br>
<p>Congo Square is also the title of an African-themed jazz score by Wynton Marsalis and Yacub Addy. It consists of swing arrangements for big band as well as traditional African drum and vocal ensemble from Ghana. Another famous version is that of Louisiana slide guitarist Sonny Landreth on the 1985 album Down in Louisiana. The American hard rock act Great White released a song called "Congo Square" on their 1991 release Hooked.</p><br>
<p>Younger generation neo soul artist Amel Larrieux also wrote a song based on the Congo Square called "Congo" on her 2004 album Bravebird.</p><br>
<p>Ghost of Congo Square is the opening track on jazz trumpeter Terence Blanchards 2007 album A Tale of Gods Will (A Requiem for Katrina).</p><br>
<p>R&B songstress Teena Marie&#39;s new album is entitled Congo Square, released on June 9, 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Voodoo</h2><br>
<p>Besides the music and dancing, Congo Square also provided enslaved blacks with a place in which they could express themselves spiritually. This brief religious freedom on Sundays resulted in the practice of voodoo ceremonies. Voodoo is an ancient religion that developed from enslaved West Africans who brought this ritualistic practice with them when they arrived in New Orleans in the 18th century. Although it is not the most noted recreational activity people took part in at Congo Square, it was nevertheless one of the many forms of entertainment and social gatherings here. Voodoo was the most prominent from the 1820s to the 1860s, as Congo Square provided an opportunity to expose people to this intriguing practice.</p><br>
<p>The types of voodoo ceremonies performed at Congo Square were very different from traditional voodoo, however. True voodoo rituals were much more exotic and secretive and focused on the religious and ritualistic aspect, while the voodoo in Congo Square was predominantly a form of entertainment and a celebration of African culture.</p><br>
<p>Some of the dances and types of music heard in Congo Square were the result of these voodoo ceremonies.</p><br>
<p>Marie Laveau, the first and most powerful voodoo queen, is one of the most well known practitioners of voodoo in Congo Square. In the 1830s, Marie Laveau led voodoo dances in Congo Square and held darker, more covert rituals along the banks of Lake Pontchartrain and St. John’s Bayou.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today, there are still celebrations of the historical and cultural heritage of New Orleans. Congo Square Preservation Society is a community based organization created by percussionist Luther Gray that aims to preserve the historical significance of Congo Square. Every Sunday, it carries on the tradition by gathering to celebrate the history and culture of Congo Square through drum circles, dancing, and other musical performances.</p><br>
<p>Along with these gatherings, other celebrations and events that are held in Congo Square every year include Martin Luther King Day celebrations, and the Red Dress Run. There are also numerous weddings, festivals, and concerts that take place in the park every year. On Martin Luther King Day, the park serves as the ceremonial starting place of a march that goes all the way to the Martin Luther King Jr. Monument on South Claiborne Avenue. On this holiday in 2012, a ceremony was held in Congo Square in which New Orleans Mayor Mitch Landrieu gave an inspirational speech calling for the city to reduce violence in the streets.</p><br>
<p>The annual Red Dress Run begins in Congo Square, and is organized by the New Orleans Hash House Harriers, a running group in the city. The race is known for its participants dressing in all red and heavy drinking. The profits from the race are given to local charities. After the 2014 race, it was announced that over one million dollars had been given to over 100 local New Orleans charities.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>TNMK is a Ukrainian band from Kharkiv (East Ukraine) and named after the square.</p><br>
<p>&#39;Nakki Lake is a lake situated in the Indian hill station of Mount Abu in Aravalli range.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is a very ancient sacred Lake, according to the Hindu legend. It is called by this name because it was dug out from Nails (Nakh). One story is of dug by Gods to live in, for protection against the Bashkali rakshash (a wicked demon). While other is of Rasiya Balam (a sculpture of Dilwara Jain temple), who dug the lake, as the king told that whoever will dug the lake within one night I will marry my daughter to him. But later kings wife refused and he couldnt marry the kings daughter. Temple of Rasiya Balam and Kunwari Kanya (kings daughter)&#39;s is located behind the Dilwara Jain temple.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is in length of about a half mile and in width about of a quarter of mile and 20 to 30 ft. deep towards the dam on the west. It is an important tourist attraction of Mount Abu. There is the Toad Rock on a hill near the lake. Toad rock is so called as it looks like a toad about to jump into the lake, from the side of the rock facing the lake. There are two ways to go up and down the rock; to climb the rocky hill side or to use the steps leading down to Nakki Lake. By the side of the lake there is a path leading to Sunset Point. It is forbidden to climb to Sunset Point due to dangerous bandits living around the path to Sunset Point. Raghunath Temple and Maharaja Jaipur Palace are also on hills near the Lake. Boating in the lake and horse rides around the lake are available.</p><br>
<p>Mahatma Gandhi&#39;s ashes were immersed in this Holy Lake on 12 February 1948 and Gandhi Ghat was constructed.</p><br>
<h2>List of lakes in India</h2><br>
<p>List of lakes in India</p><br>
<p>Mount Baden-Powell is a peak in the San Gabriel Mountains of California named for the founder of the World Scouting Movement, Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell. It was officially recognized by the USGS at a dedication ceremony in 1931. It was originally known as East Twin or North Baldy.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>At 9,407 ft in elevation, Mount Baden-Powell is traditionally considered to be the 4th or 5th highest peak of the San Gabriel Range; however it is the second highest peak in the range with more than 1,000 ft of prominence, and is the highest peak not part of the Mount San Antonio massif.</p><br>
<p>The peak is within the Angeles National Forest and San Gabriel Mountains National Monument.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>The Pacific Crest Trail reaches within 0.25 mi of the summit; at 9,360 ft, this is highest point of the trail south of the Sierra Nevada.</p><br>
<p>The summit has long been a favorite hiking excursion either from the Mount Islip Saddle near Little Jimmy Trail Camp, or the Vincent Gap Trail which leads up a moderate to strenuous set of switchbacks from Wrightwood. Mount Baden-Powell is also the high point along The Silver Moccasin Trail, a historic 53 mi Boy Scout hiking trail, connects this summit to Mount Burnham (less than 1 mi away), Throop Peak and Mount Hawkins. The Vincent Gap hike leads through a variety of forested areas consisting of Jeffrey Pine, Ponderosa Pine, Lodgepole Pine, Incense-cedar, and an ancient forest of Limber Pine some of which are more than 2,000 years old.</p><br>
<p>In 1957 several Southern California councils of the Boy Scouts of America placed a formal marker at the summit with a plaque dedicated to Lord Baden-Powell.</p><br>
<p>Flatey is an island on Skjálfandi bay located about 8.7 km from Húsavík, in northern Iceland. Its name in Icelandic means "flat island&quot its highest point is only about 22 m above mean sea level, hence its name. It is 2.5 km long and 1.7 km wide. It is the fifth-largest island around Iceland. The Flateyjardalur coast and Flateyjardalsheiði valley are named after Flatey.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>People first settled in Flatey in early historic times, but it never had a large population. The highest number of inhabitants was reached in 1942, when there were 120 people. As other villages and cities nearby grew, it was very difficult for Flatey to compete with them, and people started to leave the island and, in 1967, there were no inhabitants left. Now it is only inhabited seasonally, during summer, and many tourists visit the island in this time.</p><br>
<p>There are only a few buildings on the island, the most important of which are: a schoolhouse built in 1929, an ancient church shut down in 1884, a lighthouse built in 1913 and rebuilt in 1963 and a radiotelegraph built in 1931. The old church was replaced in 1960 by the church of Brettingsstaðir in Flateyjardalur, which was taken apart and moved out to Flatey.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>Skjálfandi bay is an excellent place for fishing, especially for cod and lumpfish, so it is from the sea that most inhabitants take their living. The soil is very fertile, so they also practice agriculture. The inhabitants are completely autonomous, and almost all they do is for their own consumption. Every house had a cow for milking and some sheep and hens.</p><br>
<p>One of the things that attract the most tourists is the great number of bird species to be found on the island. Thirty of the thirty-seven species of bird in Iceland are found there during the breeding season: puffins, terns, whimbrels, and plovers are examples.</p><br>
<p>Antandrus  was an ancient Greek city on the north side of the Gulf of Adramyttium in the Troad region of Anatolia. Its surrounding territory was known in Greek as Ἀντανδρία , and included the towns of Aspaneus on the coast and Astyra to the east. It has been located on Devren hill between the modern village of Avcılar and the town of Altınoluk in the Edremit district of Balıkesir Province, Turkey.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The geographer Strabo located Antandrus in the Troad on the southern flank of Mount Ida, east of Assos and Gargara, but west of Aspaneus, Astyra, and Adramyttium. The first clue which led to its rediscovery in modern times was found by the German geographer and Classical scholar Heinrich Kiepert in 1842. He found an inscription relating to Antandrus in the wall of a mosque at Avcılar. Returning in 1888, he found a further inscription at Avcılar and, due to the discovery by locals of many Greek, Roman, and Byzantine era coins in the vicinity of a nearby hill called Devren, he was also able to locate the acropolis of Antandrus on this spot. The British archaeologist John Cook surveyed the site in 1959 and 1968, discovering further evidence of a Greek settlement.</p><br>
<h2>Foundation</h2><br>
<p>Conflicting traditions regarding the foundation of Antandrus circulated in Antiquity. According to the Lesbian poet Alcaeus at the turn of the 7th century BC, Antandrus was founded by the Leleges, a people whom the Greeks believed to be aboriginal to Anatolia. The 5th century BC historian Herodotus likewise posited non-Greek origins for Antandrus, stating that it was a Pelasgian foundation. Thucydides, writing a few decades after Herodotus in the late 5th century BC, is our first source to give Greek origins to Antandrus by saying it was an Aeolian foundation, a claim we also find in the Byzantine lexicographer Stephanus of Byzantium, who posited a leader of the Aeolians called Antandrus as the citys founder. However, a tradition of non-Greek origins persisted, a century later Aristotle explained its epithets Ἠδωνίς (Edonis) and Κιμμερίς (Kimmeris) as referring, respectively, to the citys foundation by a Thracian tribe, the Edonians, and to a period of a century when the nomadic Cimmerians from southern Russia had controlled the city. Demetrius of Scepsis (c. 205 - c. 130 BC) gives a different version again in which Antandrus was originally inhabited by Cilicians from the plain of Thebe facing the Gulf of Adramyttium (not to be confused with Cilicia in south-east Turkey).</p><br>
<p>Finally, in the reign of Augustus the Greek mythographer Conon provided two alternative explanations for the origins of Antandrus. Both etymologize Ἄντανδρος (Antandros) as ἀντ’ Ἄνδρου (ant Androu), exploiting the meaning in the stead of of the Greek preposition ἀντί (anti). In the first, Ascanius the son of Aeneas used to rule the city of Antandrus until he was captured by the Pelasgians; the ransom for his release was to give over the city, thus ἀντ’ ἄνδρου meaning (a city) in the stead of/in exchange for a man (so ἄνδρου from ἄνδρος, the Greek genitive singular of ἀνήρ, man, i.e. Ascanius). This interpretation combines the reference to the citys Pelasgian origins in Herodotus and its brief role in Virgils Aeneid as the place from which Aeneas and the Trojans flee to the west. In the second explanation, the founders of Antandrus were exiles from the Cycladic island of Andros, who on being expelled set up a new home called Antandrus, hence ἀντ’ Ἄνδρου meaning in place of Andros&#39;.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>Until recently, the site of Antandrus had only been subjected to a basic surface survey, and so there was no archaeological evidence available to determine whether early Greek traditions about a pre-Greek settlement at this site had any historical validity. Recent Turkish excavations at the site may change this picture: finds of Greek pottery from the necropolis have been announced on the excavations website which date to the late 8th and early 7th century BC, pre-dating previous surface finds by almost two centuries. Early indications suggest that the material culture of Antandrus in this period was overwhelmingly Greek, suggesting that it was already a Greek settlement at this period, rather than an Anatolian community which traded extensively with neighbouring Greek communities. However, firm conclusions regarding this and many other aspects of the sites archaeology must await the final publication of the site report.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lesbian city of Mytilene controlled extensive parts of the Troad in the Archaic period, and so Alcaeus reference to Antandrus may suggest interest in or control over the city by Mytilene at the turn of the 7th century. Alternatively, the persistent early tradition of the citys Anatolian origins (e.g. in Alcaeus, Herodotus, Demetrius of Scepsis) may indicate that its Anatolian population remained independent of Mytilene until later in the 6th century BC; the little archaeology which has been done on the site suggests Greek occupation at no earlier a date than this.</p><br>
<p>The first event of which we hear in Antandrus&#39; history is when in 512 BC Otanes, the Persian satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, captured the city while subduing north-west Asia Minor. Antandrus had access to large amounts of timber from Mount Ida as well as pitch, making it an ideal location for the construction of large fleets, giving the city strategic importance. In 424 BC during the Peloponnesian War when the city had been captured by exiles from Mytilene, the historian Thucydides explains that:</p><br>
<p>This importance is likewise attested by Xenophon later in the Peloponnesian War in 409 and 205 BC, and is perhaps reflected in Virgils choice of the city as the place where Aeneas builds his fleet before setting off to Italy. As late as the 14th century we hear of Antandrus being used by an Ottoman admiral to construct a large fleet of several hundred ships. Having joined the Delian League in 427 BC, when Antandrus first appears in the Athenian tribute lists in 425/42BC, it has an assessment of 8 talents, again indicating the citys relative prosperity.</p><br>
<p>O: female head (Artemis Astyrene?)</p><br>
<p>R: lion head within incuse square, ANTAN</p><br>
<p>this silver diobol was struck in Antandrus in the late 5 century BC</p><br>
<p>ref.: CNG E-369, 113; Gitbud & Naumann 24, 170</p><br>
<p>In 411/10 BC Antandrus expelled its Persian garrison with the help of Peloponnesian troops who were stationed at Abydos on the Hellespont. Having briefly won its freedom, it quickly returned to Persian control, and in 409 BC the Pharnabazus constructed a fleet for the Peloponnesians here using the abundant timber of Mount Ida. We do not know how the Persians regained Antandrus, but in 409 BC the Syracusans gained the Antandrians friendship by helping to rebuild their fortifications, suggesting that a siege had taken place in the previous year. In the summer of 399 BC Xenophons Ten Thousand passed through on their way home from Persia, and he later wrote in his Hellenica of the city&#39;s continuing strategic importance during the Corinthian War (395-387 BC),</p><br>
<p>After the Classical period, references to Antandrus become scarce in surviving sources. The next reference to events at Antandrus comes several centuries later c. 200 BC, when Antandrus was on the route of Delphic thearodokoi, and in the 2nd century BC an inscription from Antandrus tells us that the city sent judges to Peltai in Phrygia to arbitrate a dispute. From c. 440 - c. 284 BC, Antandrus had minted its own coinage; this began again in the reign of the Emperor Titus (AD 79-81) and continued until the reign of Elagabalus (AD 218-222). In the Byzantine period Antandrus was an episcopal see in the metropolis of Ephesus.</p><br>
<p>The Peavey–Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator is the world&#39;s first known cylindrical concrete grain elevator. It was built from 1899 to 1900 in St. Louis Park, Minnesota, United States, as an experiment to prove the design was viable. It was an improvement on wooden elevators that were continually at risk for catching fire or even exploding. Its cylindrical concrete design became the industry standard in the United States, revolutionizing grain storage practices. After its initial experiments, the Peavey–Haglin Elevator was never again used to store grain. Since the late 1960s it has been maintained on the grounds of the Nordic Ware company and is painted with their name and logo.</p><br>
<p>The Peavey–Haglin Elevator was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, proclaimed a National Historic Landmark in 1981, and a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>Frank Peavey (1850–1901) was a native of Maine who moved to the Midwest as a young man and became a grain merchant. His business was buying grain from farmers and storing it in elevators before delivering it to flour mills. Basing himself in Minneapolis in 1881, he became known as the "Elevator King", owning elevators across Minnesota and Iowa and expanding into the Dakotas. However the wooden elevators of the day were quite vulnerable to fire, as they were built of flammable material, filled with volatile grain dust, and usually stood next to railroad tracks with their spark-spewing locomotives. Numerous elevator fires were causing insurance rates to skyrocket.</p><br>
<p>Peavey was convinced that new construction methods could produce a large, fireproof grain elevator. He hired Charles F. Haglin (1849–1921), a local civil engineer, to work on the problem with him. They quickly recognized the promise of reinforced concrete, a recent innovation popularized in the 1880s.</p><br>
<h2>Initial construction</h2><br>
<p>Even though other engineers argued that their design would explode when filled or crack when emptied, Peavey and Haglin proceeded with their plan for a cylindrical, concrete structure. Construction began in the summer of 1899. Skeptics dubbed it "Peavey&#39;s Folly". Haglin built a section of round formwork braced with steel hoops. Concrete was poured in and given time to harden, at which point the framework was removed and reassembled above to produce the next section. In this manner the elevator was built up to a height of 68 ft. The interior diameter was 20 ft, while the walls tapered from 12 in thick at the base to 8 in at the top. By fall the elevator was ready, and Peavey had it filled with grain. The form held and the grain was left to see how it would fare over the winter.</p><br>
<h2>European tour</h2><br>
<p>While they waited, Peavey dispatched Haglin to Europe to investigate reports of reinforced concrete elevators there. Haglin was accompanied by his young son Eddie and Peavey&#39;s son-in-law Frank Heffelfinger. From January to March 1900 they toured grain facilities and met with experts in London, Hamburg, Braunschweig, Copenhagen, Budapest, Brăila, Galați, Bucharest, Vienna, and Paris. They found some elevators of concrete, but all were rectangular or hexagonal, and most were atop steel or wood bins. Others were built of brick or mortared stone.</p><br>
<p>Upon his return to Minneapolis, Haglin reported that their European counterparts were no more advanced on the issue than Americans.</p><br>
<h2>Success and legacy</h2><br>
<p>In spring 1900 it was time to empty the experimental elevator. A crowd gathered but kept their distance, still expecting some kind of catastrophe. Haglin had faith in his structure, however, and stood right at its foot to pull the lever and allow the grain to pour out into an adjacent pit. The elevator stayed perfectly intact and the crowd began cheering.</p><br>
<p>Haglin went on to increase the height of the elevator to 125 ft for a few further experiments. After those proved successful as well, the elevator prototype never held grain again. Peavey immediately commissioned Haglin to build a grain elevator complex in Duluth. Widely publicized, Peavey and Haglin&#39;s cylindrical concrete design was quickly adopted throughout the American Midwest. While traditional wooden elevators, usually clad with metal siding, remained common for storage near farms, the new design sprang up at shipping centers, revolutionizing the grain storage industry. Grain elevators, usually the tallest structure on the flat Midwestern landscape, became a symbol of productive agriculture.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>Frank Peavey didn&#39;t live to see his project revolutionize the industry; he died unexpectedly of pneumonia on December 30, 1901.</p><br>
<p>The experimental grain elevator stood unused as various industries came and went around it. In the 1950s the property was owned by Lumber Stores, Inc. and the elevator was painted with their name. Nordic Ware, a cookware company best known for introducing the Bundt cake pan, was founded nearby in 1946 and ultimately purchased the land with the elevator as they expanded their business. In 1969 Nordic Ware discovered that the elevator was deteriorating and in danger of collapsing. Cognizant of the structure&#39;s history, the company invested $40,000 in a restoration project. Around this time the elevator was painted with the Nordic Ware ad it still bears.</p><br>
<p>The Peavey–Haglin Experimental Concrete Grain Elevator now stands near the busy interchange of State Highways 7 and 100. It overlooks the Nordic Ware factory complex, the Cedar Lake Trail, and Lilac Park.</p><br>
<p>Hateruma  is an island in the Yaeyama District of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. Part of the town Taketomi, it is the southern-most inhabited island in Japan at 24°2’25” north latitude, 123°47’16” east longitude. Hateruma is one of the Yaeyama Islands, and is located 24 km south of Iriomote-jima, the largest of the island group.</p><br>
<p>Hateruma, which is composed of corals, has 12.7 km² of area and approximately 600 inhabitants.</p><br>
<p>The primary products of the island include sugarcane, pineapple, refined sugar, and Awanami, a highly prized type of the alcoholic beverage awamori. Its southern location makes it one of the few places in Japan where the Southern Cross can be observed.</p><br>
<h2>Sights</h2><br>
<p>Hateruma is visited by a comparatively high number of Japanese tourists from Ishigaki on day trips, as it boasts the southernmost tip of land of Japan. In addition, the southernmost school and the southernmost police station of Japan are tourist attractions. Further places of interest include:</p><br>
<p>In the only village several well-preserved old houses showing the traditional architecture with a hip roof, red tiles and a shisa statue on the top can be seen. Many old houses are still surrounded by a thick wall consisting of dark coral stones.</p><br>
<p>In the village center there is a memorial to Oyake Akahachi, a rebel who was born on Haterumajima around 1500. The memorial was erected on a platform of coral stones.</p><br>
<p>One of the most interesting buildings on Haterumajima is the old watchtower Kodomori dating from the 17th century. It was used for observing the ships sailing to and from Ishigaki. As the top of the tower was one of the highest points of the flat island, it was used for smoke signals and for signal lights. A similar tower, which is called Puzumari, can be visited on the neighboring island Kuroshima.</p><br>
<p>On the south coast there is a memorial indicating the southernmost tip of land of Japan. The south coast is steep and the sea is very rough there.</p><br>
<p>The north coast of Haterumajima is a favorite tourist destination because of its fine sand.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Hateruma has a tropical climate as all twelve months there have mean temperatures of at least 18 &deg;C.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>Hateruma Airport is located on the island but is not currently served by any commercial flights. Haterujima is easily accessible by ferry from Ishigaki several times a day. There are several guest houses and some shops and restaurants on the island. Bikes are for hire at the harbour.</p><br>
<p>Seven Devils Lake is a small reservoir in South Arkansas, It is located about 14 mi out of Monticello, Arkansas. The Lake is formed by Seven Devils Dam. The area got its name after a man that was trapped in the area for days finally made it out, a reporter asked if he found the rumored seven lakes of the area, the man then stated that there was not any seven lakes, but seven devils. This area is to be the most northern point west of the Mississippi River where American alligators can be found.</p><br>
<p>Seven Devils Swamp Wildlife Management Area is also located near the lake. The project includes 3,445 acre of wetlands, cypress forest, and timberlands. The project was made to protect the remains of the wetlands that have been draining for the past 100 years. The area is mainly controlled by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. Seven Devils Swamp WMA provides the benefit of migration, breeding, and public hunting.</p><br>
